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In a dialog, there can be multiple valid next utterances at any point. The present end-to-end neural methods for dialog do not take this into account. They learn with the assumption that at any time there is only one correct next utterance.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-31 Janarthanan Rajendran , Jatin Ganhotra , Satinder Singh , Lazaros Polymenakos

For task-oriented dialog systems, training a Reinforcement Learning (RL) based Dialog Management module suffers from low sample efficiency and slow convergence speed due to the sparse rewards in RL.To solve this problem, many strategies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Zhengxu Hou , Bang Liu , Ruihui Zhao , Zijing Ou , Yafei Liu , Xi Chen , Yefeng Zheng

In this work, we present a hybrid learning method for training task-oriented dialogue systems through online user interactions. Popular methods for learning task-oriented dialogues include applying reinforcement learning with user feedback…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-04-19 Bing Liu , Gokhan Tur , Dilek Hakkani-Tur , Pararth Shah , Larry Heck

We present a novel end-to-end trainable neural network model for task-oriented dialog systems. The model is able to track dialog state, issue API calls to knowledge base (KB), and incorporate structured KB query results into system…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-08-22 Bing Liu , Ian Lane

Reinforcement Learning (RL) methods have emerged as a popular choice for training an efficient and effective dialogue policy. However, these methods suffer from sparse and unstable reward signals returned by a user simulator only when a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-09-18 Ziming Li , Sungjin Lee , Baolin Peng , Jinchao Li , Julia Kiseleva , Maarten de Rijke , Shahin Shayandeh , Jianfeng Gao

The emergence of instruction-tuned large language models (LLMs) has advanced the field of dialogue systems, enabling both realistic user simulations and robust multi-turn conversational agents. However, existing research often evaluates…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Chalamalasetti Kranti , Sherzod Hakimov , David Schlangen

Task-Oriented Dialogue (TOD) systems are designed to carry out specific tasks by tracking dialogue states and generating appropriate responses to help users achieve defined goals. Recently, end-to-end dialogue models pre-trained based on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Namo Bang , Jeehyun Lee , Myoung-Wan Koo

Dialog management (DM) is a crucial component in a task-oriented dialog system. Given the dialog history, DM predicts the dialog state and decides the next action that the dialog agent should take. Recently, dialog policy learning has been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-26 Yinpei Dai , Huihua Yu , Yixuan Jiang , Chengguang Tang , Yongbin Li , Jian Sun

Dialog policy decides what and how a task-oriented dialog system will respond, and plays a vital role in delivering effective conversations. Many studies apply Reinforcement Learning to learn a dialog policy with the reward function which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-29 Ryuichi Takanobu , Hanlin Zhu , Minlie Huang

Pre-trained conversation models (PCMs) have achieved promising progress in recent years. However, existing PCMs for Task-oriented dialog (TOD) are insufficient for capturing the sequential nature of the TOD-related tasks, as well as for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Lucen Zhong , Hengtong Lu , Caixia Yuan , Xiaojie Wang , Jiashen Sun , Ke Zeng , Guanglu Wan

We describe a two-step approach for dialogue management in task-oriented spoken dialogue systems. A unified neural network framework is proposed to enable the system to first learn by supervision from a set of dialogue data and then…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-06-09 Pei-Hao Su , Milica Gasic , Nikola Mrksic , Lina Rojas-Barahona , Stefan Ultes , David Vandyke , Tsung-Hsien Wen , Steve Young

Task-oriented Dialog (ToD) systems have to solve multiple subgoals to accomplish user goals, whereas feedback is often obtained only at the end of the dialog. In this work, we propose SUIT (SUbgoal-aware ITerative Training), an iterative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Magdalena Kaiser , Patrick Ernst , György Szarvas

Recently, the development of large language models (LLMs) has been significantly enhanced the question answering and dialogue generation, and makes them become increasingly popular in current practical scenarios. While unlike the general…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Zhiyuan Hu , Yue Feng , Yang Deng , Zekun Li , See-Kiong Ng , Anh Tuan Luu , Bryan Hooi

Dialogue policy optimization often obtains feedback until task completion in task-oriented dialogue systems. This is insufficient for training intermediate dialogue turns since supervision signals (or rewards) are only provided at the end…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-12 Xinting Huang , Jianzhong Qi , Yu Sun , Rui Zhang

Conflict resolution and consensus building represent critical challenges in multi-agent systems, negotiations, and collaborative decision-making processes. This paper introduces Dialogue Diplomats, a novel end-to-end multi-agent…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Deepak Bolleddu

Continual learning in task-oriented dialogue systems can allow us to add new domains and functionalities through time without incurring the high cost of a whole system retraining. In this paper, we propose a continual learning benchmark for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-01 Andrea Madotto , Zhaojiang Lin , Zhenpeng Zhou , Seungwhan Moon , Paul Crook , Bing Liu , Zhou Yu , Eunjoon Cho , Zhiguang Wang

Neural end-to-end goal-oriented dialog systems showed promise to reduce the workload of human agents for customer service, as well as reduce wait time for users. However, their inability to handle new user behavior at deployment has limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-07-18 Janarthanan Rajendran , Jatin Ganhotra , Lazaros Polymenakos

Response generation for task-oriented dialogues involves two basic components: dialogue planning and surface realization. These two components, however, have a discrepancy in their objectives, i.e., task completion and language quality. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-14 Xinting Huang , Jianzhong Qi , Yu Sun , Rui Zhang

The task-oriented spoken dialogue system (SDS) aims to assist a human user in accomplishing a specific task (e.g., hotel booking). The dialogue management is a core part of SDS. There are two main missions in dialogue management: dialogue…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-09-23 Zhi Chen , Lu Chen , Xiaoyuan Liu , Kai Yu

Task-oriented dialogue systems are essential for applications ranging from customer service to personal assistants and are widely used across various industries. However, developing effective multi-domain systems remains a significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Aman Gupta , Anirudh Ravichandran , Ziji Zhang , Swair Shah , Anurag Beniwal , Narayanan Sadagopan