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The NANOGrav collaboration for the pulsar timing array (PTA) observation recently announced evidence of an isotropic stochastic process, which may be the first detection of the stochastic gravitational-wave (GW) background. We discuss the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2021-02-18 Kazunori Kohri , Takahiro Terada

A stochastic gravitational wave background is a prediction of a number of astrophysical and cosmological phenomena including early Universe Cosmology. Recently, the NANOGrav Collaboration reported conclusive evidence for a stochastic…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2023-11-08 Ido Ben-Dayan , Utkarsh Kumar , Udaykrishna Thattarampilly , Amresh Verma

It has recently been speculated that the NANOGrav observations point towards a first-order phase transition in the dark sector at the GeV scale [1]. Here, we show that such a phase transition might already have been predicted in the Hot New…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2023-08-07 Juan S. Cruz , Florian Niedermann , Martin S. Sloth

First-order phase transitions (FOPT) are ubiquitous in beyond the Standard Model physics and leave distinctive echoes in the history of early universe. We consider a FOPT serving the well-motivated role of dark matter mass generation and…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2026-02-13 Miha Nemevšek , Yue Zhang

Recent pulsar timing data reported by the NANOGrav collaboration may indicate the existence of a stochastic gravitational wave background around $f \sim 10^{-8}$ Hz. We explore a possibility to generate such low-frequency gravitational…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2021-03-24 Yuichiro Nakai , Motoo Suzuki , Fuminobu Takahashi , Masaki Yamada

Gravitational waves (GWs) produced during first-order phase transitions (FOPTs) in the early universe provide a powerful probe of nonstandard cosmological histories. We study GW production from a FOPT ending a kination-dominated epoch in…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-02-17 Richard Casey , Katherine Freese , Evangelos I. Sfakianakis

We consider the stochastic background of gravity waves produced by first-order cosmological phase transitions from two types of sources: colliding bubbles and hydrodynamic turbulence. First we discuss the fluid mechanics of relativistic…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-10-22 Marc Kamionkowski , Arthur Kosowsky , Michael S. Turner

We explore the possibility that a confining first-order phase transition of a nearly-conformal dark sector generates the reported NANOGrav signal of a stochastic gravitational wave background. The visible Standard Model (SM) sector and the…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2023-07-11 Kohei Fujikura , Sudhakantha Girmohanta , Yuichiro Nakai , Motoo Suzuki

Primordial gravitational waves (GWs) carry the imprints of the dynamics of the universe during its earliest stages. With a variety of GW detectors being proposed to operate over a wide range of frequencies, there is great expectation that…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2021-09-15 Md Riajul Haque , Debaprasad Maity , Tanmoy Paul , L. Sriramkumar

We report on the first 3-dimensional numerical simulations of first-order phase transitions in the early universe to include the cosmic fluid as well as the scalar field order parameter. We calculate the gravitational wave (GW) spectrum…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2014-01-30 Mark Hindmarsh , Stephan J. Huber , Kari Rummukainen , David J. Weir

The NANOGrav, Parkes and European Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) experiments have collected strong evidence for a stochastic gravitational wave background in the nHz-frequency band. In this work we perform a detailed statistical analysis of the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-01-26 Martin Wolfgang Winkler , Katherine Freese

We explore gravitational wave signals arising from first-order phase transitions occurring in a secluded hidden sector, allowing for the possibility that the hidden sector may have a different temperature than the Standard Model sector. We…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2019-07-08 Moritz Breitbach , Joachim Kopp , Eric Madge , Toby Opferkuch , Pedro Schwaller

In this paper, we investigate the generation of gravitational waves (GWs) from a first-order QCD confinement-deconfinement phase transition under external magnetic field from holography. We analyze the GWs spectra across both hard wall and…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2026-03-24 Man-Man Sun , Man-Li Tian , Zhou-Run Zhu

First order phase transitions are well-motivated and extensively studied sources of gravitational waves (GWs) from the early Universe. The vacuum energy released during such transitions is assumed to be transferred primarily either to the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-02-06 Ryusuke Jinno , Bibhushan Shakya , Jorinde van de Vis

We study in this work a scenario that the universe undergoes a two step phase transition with the first step happened to the dark matter sector and the second step being the transition between the dark matter and the electroweak vacuums,…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2017-09-13 Wei Chao , Huai-Ke Guo , Jing Shu

The recent detection of a gravitational wave background in the nano-Hertz frequency range by Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) collaborations, including NANOGrav, EPTA, and PPTA, has opened a new avenue for exploring fundamental physics in the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-02-17 Jinzheng Li , Pran Nath

We conducted three-dimensional lattice simulations to study the density perturbation and gravitational waves (GWs) during first-order phase transition (FOPT). We find that for phase transition strength $\alpha > 1$, the forward motion of…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2026-04-13 Jintao Zou , Zhiqing Zhu , Zizhuo Zhao , Ligong Bian

First-order phase transitions (FOPTs) in cold neutron stars (NSs) have been extensively studied and have provided valuable insights into the behavior of the densest matter visible in our Universe, although a strong consensus has yet to…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-11-12 Bao-Jun Cai , Bao-An Li , Yu-Gang Ma

We study possible ways gravitational waves (GW) are sourced in a theory with minimal left-right symmetry breaking. Generically first order phase transitions (FOPT) lead to gravitational waves sourced by bubble dynamics, while second order…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-08-13 Z. A. Borboruah , U. A. Yajnik

We investigate the properties of a stochastic gravitational wave background produced by a first-order electroweak phase transition in the regime of extreme supercooling. We study a scenario whereby the percolation temperature that signifies…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2017-11-09 Archil Kobakhidze , Cyril Lagger , Adrian Manning , Jason Yue