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We present a pilot study on the collection and synchronisation of multimodal data for player experience investigation. We collected game telemetry, self-reported surveys, biometrics, and cued-retrospective think-aloud (C-RTA) data from 19…
Reinforcement learning is concerned with identifying reward-maximizing behaviour policies in environments that are initially unknown. State-of-the-art reinforcement learning approaches, such as deep Q-networks, are model-free and learn to…
skrl is an open-source modular library for reinforcement learning written in Python and designed with a focus on readability, simplicity, and transparency of algorithm implementations. In addition to supporting environments that use the…
We propose Unified Distributed Environment (UDE), an environment virtualization toolkit for reinforcement learning research. UDE is designed to integrate environments built on any simulation platform such as Gazebo, Unity, Unreal, and…
Recently, AlphaZero has achieved landmark results in deep reinforcement learning, by providing a single self-play architecture that learned three different games at super human level. AlphaZero is a large and complicated system with many…
Large Language Models (LLMs) are rapidly saturating existing benchmarks, necessitating new open-ended evaluations. We introduce the Factorio Learning Environment (FLE), based on the game of Factorio, that tests agents in long-term planning,…
We study a Stackelberg game between one attacker and one defender in a configurable environment. The defender picks a specific environment configuration. The attacker observes the configuration and attacks via Reinforcement Learning (RL…
This paper is both an introduction and an invitation. It is an introduction to CARLE, a Life-like cellular automata simulator and reinforcement learning environment. It is also an invitation to Carle's Game, a challenge in open-ended…
While the rapid advancements in the reinforcement learning (RL) research community have been remarkable, the adoption in commercial video games remains slow. In this paper, we outline common challenges the Game AI community faces when using…
Reinforcement learning (RL) is a popular machine learning paradigm for game playing, robotics control, and other sequential decision tasks. However, RL agents often have long learning times with high data requirements because they begin by…
This paper puts forward the perspective that social play spaces are opportunities to utilise both technology and body for the benefit of community culture and engagement. Co-located social gaming coupled with tangible interfaces offer…
The Axelrod library is an open source Python package that allows for reproducible game theoretic research into the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma. This area of research began in the 1980s but suffers from a lack of documentation and test code.…
This paper investigates whether learning contingency-awareness and controllable aspects of an environment can lead to better exploration in reinforcement learning. To investigate this question, we consider an instantiation of this…
The AlphaZero algorithm has achieved superhuman performance in two-player, deterministic, zero-sum games where perfect information of the game state is available. This success has been demonstrated in Chess, Shogi, and Go where learning…
In recent years, reinforcement learning has been successful in solving video games from Atari to Star Craft II. However, the end-to-end model-free reinforcement learning (RL) is not sample efficient and requires a significant amount of…
While Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in formal learning tasks such as mathematics and code generation, they still struggle with the "practical wisdom" and generalizable intelligence, such as strategic…
We introduce a real-time strategy game environment based on Generals.io, a game with thousands of weekly active players. Our environment is fully compatible with Gymnasium and PettingZoo and is capable of running thousands of frames per…
Continual Reinforcement Learning (CRL) is a challenging setting where an agent learns to interact with an environment that is constantly changing over time (the stream of experiences). In this paper, we describe Avalanche RL, a library for…
A reinforcement learning environment with adversary agents is proposed in this work for pursuit-evasion game in the presence of fog of war, which is of both scientific significance and practical importance in aerospace applications. One of…
The universe involves many independent co-learning agents as an ever-evolving part of our observed environment. Yet, in practice, Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) applications are typically constrained to small, homogeneous…