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We introduce credal two-sample testing, a new hypothesis testing framework for comparing credal sets -- convex sets of probability measures where each element captures aleatoric uncertainty and the set itself represents epistemic…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-14 Siu Lun Chau , Antonin Schrab , Arthur Gretton , Dino Sejdinovic , Krikamol Muandet

Coherent lower previsions are general probabilistic models allowing incompletely specified probability distributions. However, for complete description of a coherent lower prevision -- even on finite underlying sample spaces -- an infinite…

Probability · Mathematics 2022-09-29 Damjan Škulj

A reliable representation of uncertainty is essential for the application of modern machine learning methods in safety-critical settings. In this regard, the use of credal sets (i.e., convex sets of probability distributions) has recently…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Paul Hofman , Timo Löhr , Maximilian Muschalik , Yusuf Sale , Eyke Hüllermeier

Recently, qualitative uncertainty in abstract argumentation has received much attention. The first works on this topic introduced uncertainty about the presence of attacks, then about the presence of arguments, and finally combined both…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-11-20 Jean-Guy Mailly

This paper presents an innovative approach, called credal wrapper, to formulating a credal set representation of model averaging for Bayesian neural networks (BNNs) and deep ensembles (DEs), capable of improving uncertainty estimation in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Kaizheng Wang , Fabio Cuzzolin , Keivan Shariatmadar , David Moens , Hans Hallez

Deep ensembles (DE) have emerged as a powerful approach for quantifying predictive uncertainty and distinguishing its aleatoric and epistemic components, thereby enhancing model robustness and reliability. However, their high computational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Kaizheng Wang , Fabio Cuzzolin , David Moens , Hans Hallez

The idea to distinguish and quantify two important types of uncertainty, often referred to as aleatoric and epistemic, has received increasing attention in machine learning research in the last couple of years. In this paper, we consider…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-13 Mohammad Hossein Shaker , Eyke Hüllermeier

An approach to reasoning with default rules where the proportion of exceptions, or more generally the probability of encountering an exception, can be at least roughly assessed is presented. It is based on local uncertainty propagation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-03-26 Stephane Amarger , Didier Dubois , Henri Prade

Uncertainty may be taken to characterize inferences, their conclusions, their premises or all three. Under some treatments of uncertainty, the inferences itself is never characterized by uncertainty. We explore both the significance of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-02-18 Henry E. Kyburg

An open question in \emph{Imprecise Probabilistic Machine Learning} is how to empirically derive a credal region (i.e., a closed and convex family of probabilities on the output space) from the available data, without any prior knowledge or…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-01-29 Michele Caprio , David Stutz , Shuo Li , Arnaud Doucet

Approximations during program analysis are a necessary evil, as they ensure essential properties, such as soundness and termination of the analysis, but they also imply not always producing useful results. Automatic techniques have been…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2018-12-18 Isabel Garcia-Contreras , Jose F. Morales , Manuel V. Hermenegildo

A common approach to aggregate classification estimates in an ensemble of decision trees is to either use voting or to average the probabilities for each class. The latter takes uncertainty into account, but not the reliability of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-17 Florian Busch , Moritz Kulessa , Eneldo Loza Mencía , Hendrik Blockeel

Despite the growing demand for eliciting uncertainty from large language models (LLMs), empirical evidence suggests that LLM behavior is not always adequately captured by the elicitation techniques developed under the classical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Anita Yang , Krikamol Muandet , Michele Caprio , Siu Lun Chau , Masaki Adachi

Recent advances in uncertainty quantification increasingly emphasise the distinction between aleatory and epistemic uncertainty in machine learning, motivating the need for more unified frameworks. However, despite much progress in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yu Chen , Scott Ferson

Imprecise probability is concerned with uncertainty about which probability distributions to use. It has applications in robust statistics and machine learning. We look at programming language models for imprecise probability. Our…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Jack Liell-Cock , Sam Staton

A gradual semantics takes a weighted argumentation framework as input and outputs a final acceptability degree for each argument, with different semantics performing the computation in different manners. In this work, we consider the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-02-09 Nir Oren , Bruno Yun

We present a formal measure of argument strength, which combines the ideas that conclusions of strong arguments are (i) highly probable and (ii) their uncertainty is relatively precise. Likewise, arguments are weak when their conclusion…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-03-10 Niki Pfeifer , Hanna Pankka

A reliable modeling of uncertain evidence in Bayesian networks based on a set-valued quantification is proposed. Both soft and virtual evidences are considered. We show that evidence propagation in this setup can be reduced to standard…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-02-16 Sabina Marchetti , Alessandro Antonucci

We propose a method of estimating the uncertainty of a result obtained through extrapolation to the complete basis set limit. The method is based on an ensemble of random walks which simulate all possible extrapolation outcomes that could…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2025-08-26 Jakub Lang , Michał Przybytek , Michał Lesiuk

Using Machine Learning systems in the real world can often be problematic, with inexplicable black-box models, the assumed certainty of imperfect measurements, or providing a single classification instead of a probability distribution. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Jonathan S. Kent , David H. Menager