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The NP-complete problem of the travelling salesman (TSP) is considered in the framework of quantum adiabatic computation (QAC). We first derive a remarkable lower bound for the computation time for adiabatic algorithms in general as a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Tien D. Kieu

Routing problems are a common optimization problem in industrial applications, which occur on a large scale in supply chain planning. Due to classical limitations for solving NP-hard problems, quantum computing hopes to improve upon speed…

With progress in quantum technology more sophisticated quantum annealing devices are becoming available. While they offer new possibilities for solving optimization problems, their true potential is still an open question. As the optimal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-02-22 Bettina Heim , Ethan W. Brown , Dave Wecker , Matthias Troyer

The intractability of deterministic solutions in solving $\mathcal{NP}$-Hard Combinatorial Optimisation Problems (COP) is well reported in the literature. One mechanism for overcoming this difficulty has been the use of efficient COP…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-25 Maxine T. Khumalo , Hazel A. Chieza , Krupa Prag , Matthew Woolway

Traveling salesman problems (TSP) are one of the well-known combinatorial optimization problems that many groups tackle to solve. This problem appears in many types of combinational optimization, such as scheduling, route optimization, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-30 Hikaru Wakaura

Encoding hard-constrained optimization problems into a variational quantum algorithm often turns out to be a challenging task. In this work, we provide a solution for the class of open-shop scheduling problems (OSSPs), which we achieve by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-18 Lennart Binkowski , Gereon Koßmann , Christian Tutschku , René Schwonnek

The Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) is an important combinatorial optimisation problem, and is usually solved on a quantum computer using a Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimisation (QUBO) formulation or a Higher Order Binary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-21 Daniel Goldsmith , Joe Day-Evans

The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is a fundamental challenge in combinatorial optimization, widely applied in logistics and transportation. As the size of TSP instances grows, traditional algorithms often struggle to produce high-quality…

Hybrid quantum-classical algorithms can help mitigating the physical limitations of current quantum devices, particularly the low qubit count and the reduced topological connectivity. In this paper, we propose a hybrid technique to solve a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-12 Siwei Hu , Victor Lopata , Salvatore Sinno , Shruthi Thuravakkath , Paolo Zuliani

Several combinatorial optimization problems can be solved with NISQ devices once that a corresponding quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) form is derived. The aim of this work is to drastically reduce the variables needed for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-25 Dario De Santis , Salvatore Tirone , Stefano Marmi , Vittorio Giovannetti

This paper explores the application of Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) models in solving the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) through Quantum Annealing algorithms and Graph Neural Networks. Quantum Annealing (QA), a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-01 Haoqi He

The Traveling Salesman Problem is a classical NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem that has been extensively studied in operations research. A major challenge in Traveling Salesman Problem formulations is the large number of subtour…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-23 Alessia Ciacco , Luigi Di Puglia Pugliese , Francesca Guerriero

Quantum Computing is an emerging paradigm which is gathering a lot of popularity in the current scientific and technological community. Widely conceived as the next frontier of computation, Quantum Computing is still at the dawn of its…

The Traveling Salesperson Problem (TSP), a quintessential NP-hard combinatorial optimisation challenge, is vital for logistics and network design but limited by exponential complexity in large instances. We propose a hybrid…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-01 Christos Lytrosyngounis , Ioannis Lytrosyngounis

Quantum algorithms offer an exponential speedup over classical algorithms for a range of computational problems. The fundamental mechanisms underlying quantum computation required the development and construction of quantum computers. These…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Shane Sweeney , Krishnendu Guha

In this paper we present a variational algorithm for the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) that combines (i) a compact encoding of permutations, which reduces the qubit requirement too, (ii) an optimize-freeze-reuse strategy: where the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Fabrizio Fagiolo , Nicolò Vescera

The Traveling Salesman Problem is a fundamental combinatorial optimization problem widely studied in operations research. Despite its simple formulation, it remains computationally challenging due to the exponential growth of the search…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-28 Alessia Ciacco , Luigi Di Puglia Pugliese , Francesca Guerriero

Noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) hardware is almost universally incompatible with full-scale optimization problems of practical importance which can have many variables and unwieldy objective functions. As a consequence, there is a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-10 Sean J. Weinberg , Fabio Sanches , Takanori Ide , Kazumitzu Kamiya , Randall Correll

NP-hard problems are not believed to be exactly solvable through general polynomial time algorithms. Hybrid quantum-classical algorithms to address such combinatorial problems have been of great interest in the past few years. Such…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-15 Yagnik Chatterjee , Eric Bourreau , Marko J. Rančić

The impressive progress in quantum hardware in the last years has raised the interest of the quantum computing community in harvesting the computational power of such devices. However, in the absence of error correction, these devices can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-21 Giacomo De Palma , Milad Marvian , Cambyse Rouzé , Daniel Stilck França