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The advent of quantum computing threatens the security of classical public-key cryptographic systems, prompting the transition to post-quantum cryptography (PQC). While PQC has been analyzed in theory, its performance in practical wireless…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Sanzida Hoque , Abdullah Aydeger , Engin Zeydan , Madhusanka Liyanage

Quantum-resistant cryptography is cryptography that aims to deliver cryptographic functions and protocols that remain secure even if large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computers are built. NIST will soon announce the first selected…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-02 John Preuß Mattsson , Ben Smeets , Erik Thormarker

NIST is standardizing Post Quantum Cryptography (PQC) algorithms that are resilient to the computational capability of quantum computers. Past works show malicious subversion with cryptographic software (algorithm subversion attacks) that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-03-15 Animesh Basak Chowdhury , Anushree Mahapatra , Deepraj Soni , Ramesh Karri

The imminent threat of quantum computing necessitates quantum-resistant cryptosystems. This paper establishes tight security bounds for two NIST PQC finalists: SPHINCS+ (hash-based) and NTRU (lattice-based). Our key contributions include:…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Ruopengyu Xu , Chenglian Liu

The rapid advancement of quantum computing poses a significant threat to modern cryptographic systems, necessitating the transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC). This study evaluates the support for PQC algorithms within nine widely…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Nadeem Ahmed , Lei Zhang , Aryya Gangopadhyay

The rapid advancement of quantum computing poses a critical threat to classical cryptographic algorithms such as RSA and ECC, particularly in Internet of Things (IoT) devices, where secure communication is essential but often constrained by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Jesus Lopez , Viviana Cadena , Mohammad Saidur Rahman

NIST is conducting a process for the standardization of post-quantum cryptosystems, i.e., cryptosystems that are resistant to attacks by both traditional and quantum computers and that can thus substitute the traditional public-key…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Andrea Galimberti , Gabriele Montanaro , William Fornaciari , Davide Zoni

The design of post-quantum cryptography (PQC) hardware is a complex and hierarchical process with many challenges. A primary bottleneck is the conversion of PQC reference codes from C to high-level synthesis (HLS) specifications, which…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Buddhi Perera , Zeng Wang , Weihua Xiao , Mohammed Nabeel , Ozgur Sinanoglu , Johann Knechtel , Ramesh Karri

In recent years, the advancement of quantum computing technology has posed potential security threats to RSA cryptography and elliptic curve cryptography. In response, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) published…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Abel C. H. Chen

Classification techniques can be used to analyze system behaviors, network protocols, and cryptographic primitives based on identifiable traits. While useful for defense, such classification can also be leveraged by attackers to infer…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Tushin Mallick , Cristina Nita-Rotaru , Ashish Kundu , Ramana Kompella

The advent of large-scale quantum computers poses a significant threat to contemporary network security protocols, including Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)-Enterprise authentication. To mitigate this threat, the adoption of Post-Quantum…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Lukas Köder , Nils Lohmiller , Phil Schmieder , Bastian Buck , Michael Menth , Tobias Heer

The problem of adopting quantum-resistant cryptographic network protocols or post-quantum cryptography (PQC) is critically important to democratizing quantum computing. The problem is urgent because practical quantum computers will break…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Jakub Sowa , Bach Hoang , Advaith Yeluru , Steven Qie , Anita Nikolich , Ravishankar Iyer , Phuong Cao

The public access to noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computers facilitated by IBM, Rigetti, D-Wave, etc., has propelled the development of quantum applications that may offer quantum supremacy in the future large-scale quantum…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2019-03-22 Mahabubul Alam , Abdullah Ash-Saki , Swaroop Ghosh

Quantum machine learning has proven to be a fruitful area in which to search for potential applications of quantum computers. This is particularly true for those available in the near term, so called noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-20 Brian Coyle

Due to the high error rate of a qubit, detecting and correcting errors on it is essential for fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC). Among several FTQC techniques, lattice surgery (LS) using surface code (SC) is currently promising. To…

The advent of quantum computing necessitates the transition of worldwide cryptosystems to post-quantum cryptography (PQC), which is founded upon the problem of finding short vectors in high-dimensional structured lattices. It is assumed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-13 Eden Schirman , Cong Ling , Florian Mintert

In recent years, quantum computers and Shor quantum algorithm have posed a threat to current mainstream asymmetric cryptography methods (e.g. RSA and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC)). Therefore, it is necessary to construct a Post-Quantum…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Abel C. H. Chen

Modern web traffic relies on 2048-bit RSA encryption to secure our data in transit. Rapid advances in Quantum Computing pose a grave challenge by allowing hackers to break this encryption in hours. In August of 2024, the National Institute…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Ananya Tadepalli

Recent advancements in quantum computing have shown promising computational advantages in many problem areas. As one of those areas with increasing attention, hybrid quantum-classical machine learning systems have demonstrated the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Li Ding , Lee Spector

As quantum computing advances, the cryptographic algorithms that underpin confidentiality, integrity, and authentication in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) face increasing vulnerability to quantum-enabled attacks. To address these…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Abdullah Al Mamun , Akid Abrar , Mizanur Rahman , M Sabbir Salek , Mashrur Chowdhury