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Research has shown that human-agent relationships form in similar ways to human-human relationships. Since children do not have the same critical analysis skills as adults (and may over-trust technology, for example), this…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-09-13 Jessica Van Brummelen , Mingyan Claire Tian , Maura Kelleher , Nghi Hoang Nguyen

Computational thinking, and by extension, computer programming, is notoriously challenging to learn. Conversational agents and generative artificial intelligence (genAI) have the potential to facilitate this learning process by offering…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Jacob Penney , João Felipe Pimentel , Igor Steinmacher , Marco A. Gerosa

Artificial Intelligence (AI) education is an increasingly popular topic area for K-12 teachers. However, little research has investigated how AI education can be designed to be more accessible to all learners. We organized co-design…

Physics Education · Physics 2020-09-24 Jessica Van Brummelen , Phoebe Lin

Artificial intelligence (AI) literacy is a rapidly growing research area and a critical addition to K-12 education. However, support for designing tools and curriculum to teach K-12 AI literacy is still limited. There is a need for…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-09-23 Xiaofei Zhou , Jessica Van Brummelen , Phoebe Lin

The traditional process of building interactive machine learning systems can be viewed as a teacher-learner interaction scenario where the machine-learners are trained by one or more human-teachers. In this work, we explore the idea of…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Nalin Chhibber , Edith Law

With the growing use of artificial intelligence in classrooms and online learning, it has become important to understand how students actually interact with AI tools and how such interactions match with traditional ways of learning. In this…

Applications · Statistics 2025-12-02 Prathamesh Muzumdar , Sumanth Cheemalapati

This review examines the role of artificial intelligence (AI) agents in programming education, focusing on how these tools are being integrated into educational practice and their impact on student learning outcomes. An analysis of…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Said Elnaffar , Farzad Rashidi , Abedallah Zaid Abualkishik

Growing up in an artificial intelligence-filled world, with Siri and Amazon Alexa often within arm's - or speech's - reach, could have significant impact on children. Conversational agents could influence how students anthropomorphize…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-02-03 Jessica Van Brummelen , Viktoriya Tabunshchyk , Tommy Heng

The emergence of generative AI has accelerated the development of conversational tutoring systems that interact with students through natural language dialogue. Unlike prior intelligent tutoring systems (ITS), which largely function as…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Kirk Vanacore , Ryan S. Baker , Avery H. Closser , Jeremy Roschelle

Current conversational AI systems aim to understand a set of pre-designed requests and execute related actions, which limits them to evolve naturally and adapt based on human interactions. Motivated by how children learn their first…

As Artificial Intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly integrated into daily life, there is a growing need to equip the next generation with the ability to apply, interact with, evaluate, and collaborate with AI systems responsibly. Prior…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Ruiwei Xiao , Xinying Hou , Ying-Jui Tseng , Hsuan Nieu , Guanze Liao , John Stamper , Kenneth R. Koedinger

Conversational agents are becoming increasingly popular for supporting and facilitating learning. Conventional pedagogical agents are designed to play the role of human teachers by giving instructions to the students. In this paper, we…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2019-10-01 Nalin Chhibber , Edith Law

As educational settings increasingly integrate artificial intelligence (AI), understanding how AI tools identify -- and adapt their responses to -- varied educational contexts becomes paramount. This study examines conversational AI's…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Alex Liu , Lief Esbenshade , Min Sun , Shawon Sarkar , Jian He , Victor Tian , Zachary Zhang

Educational dialogue -- the collaborative exchange of ideas through talk -- is widely recognized as a catalyst for deeper learning and critical thinking in and across contexts. At the same time, artificial intelligence (AI) has rapidly…

Technological advances in the context of digital transformation are the basis for rapid developments in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). Although AI is not a new topic in computer science (CS), recent developments are having an…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-05-12 Tilman Michaeli , Stefan Seegerer , Ralf Romeike

Even though AI literacy has emerged as a prominent education topic in the wake of generative AI, its definition remains vague. There is little consensus among researchers and practitioners on how to discuss and design AI literacy…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Xingjian Gu , Barbara J. Ericson

Collaboration is a cornerstone of 21st-century learning, yet teachers continue to face challenges in supporting productive peer interaction. Emerging generative AI tools offer new possibilities for scaffolding collaboration, but their role…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Prerna Ravi , Carúmey Stevens , Beatriz Flamia Azevedo , Jasmine David , Brandon Hanks , Hal Abelson , Grace Lin , Emma Anderson

In response to the exponential growth in the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning applications, educators, researchers and policymakers have taken steps to integrate artificial intelligence applications into K-12 education.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Yasmin Kafai , José Ramón Lizárraga , R. Benjamin Shapiro

Over the last two decades, technology use in language learning and teaching has significantly advanced and is now referred to as Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL). Recently, the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into CALL…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-03-04 Dara Tafazoli

High-fidelity, AI-based simulated classroom systems enable teachers to rehearse effective teaching strategies. However, dialogue-oriented open-ended conversations such as teaching a student about scale factors can be difficult to model.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Debajyoti Datta , Maria Phillips , James P Bywater , Jennifer Chiu , Ginger S. Watson , Laura E. Barnes , Donald E Brown
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