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The Gottesman-Knill theorem says that a stabilizer circuit -- that is, a quantum circuit consisting solely of CNOT, Hadamard, and phase gates -- can be simulated efficiently on a classical computer. This paper improves that theorem in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Scott Aaronson , Daniel Gottesman

According to the Gottesman-Knill theorem, a class of quantum circuits, namely the so-called stabilizer circuits, can be simulated efficiently on a classical computer. We introduce a new algorithm for this task, which is based on the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Simon Anders , Hans J. Briegel

The Feynman path integral formalism has inspired the development of memory-efficient and parallelizable classical algorithms for simulating quantum computers. We adapt this approach for the calculation of probability amplitudes of…

Gottesman-Knill theorem states that computations on stabilizer circuits can be simulated on a classical computer, conventional simulation algorithms extensively use linear algebra over bit strings. For instance, given a non-adaptive…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-10 Vsevolod I. Yashin

We introduce an enhanced technique for strong classical simulation of quantum circuits which combines the `sum-of-stabilisers' method with an automated simplification strategy based on the ZX-calculus. Recently it was shown that quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-05 Aleks Kissinger , John van de Wetering

The Gottesman-Knill theorem asserts that quantum circuits composed solely of Clifford gates can be efficiently simulated classically. This theorem hinges on the fact that Clifford gates map Pauli strings to other Pauli strings, thereby…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-30 George Biswas

Stabilizer simulation can efficiently simulate an important class of quantum circuits consisting exclusively of Clifford gates. However, all existing extensions of this simulation to arbitrary quantum circuits including non-Clifford gates…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-22 Benjamin Bichsel , Anouk Paradis , Maximilian Baader , Martin Vechev

We present a classical simulation method for fermionic quantum systems which, without loss of generality, can be represented by parity-preserving circuits made of two-qubit gates in a brick-wall structure. We map such circuits to a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-29 Carolin Wille , Sergii Strelchuk

Generic quantum-circuit simulation appears intractable for conventional computers and may be unnecessary because useful quantum circuits exhibit significant structure that can be exploited during simulation. For example, Gottesman and Knill…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-12-12 Héctor J. García , Igor L. Markov

Despite the continuous advancements in size and robustness of real quantum devices, reliable large-scale quantum computers are not yet available. Hence, classical simulation of quantum algorithms remains crucial for testing new methods and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-28 Laura S. Herzog , Lukas Burgholzer , Christian Ufrecht , Daniel D. Scherer , Robert Wille

Classical simulation of quantum computation has often been viewed as the method to determine where the horizon of quantum supremacy is located---that is, where quantum computation can no longer be simulated by classical methods. As of now,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-11-21 Andrew Shi

Path sums are a convenient symbolic formalism for quantum operations with applications to the simulation, optimization, and verification of quantum protocols. Unlike quantum circuits, path sums are not limited to unitary operations, but can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-16 Matthew Amy , Owen Bennett-Gibbs , Neil J. Ross

Recent work has explored using the stabilizer formalism to classically simulate quantum circuits containing a few non-Clifford gates. The computational cost of such methods is directly related to the notion of stabilizer rank, which for a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-04 Sergey Bravyi , Dan Browne , Padraic Calpin , Earl Campbell , David Gosset , Mark Howard

We study classical simulation of quantum computation, taking the Gottesman-Knill theorem as a starting point. We show how each Clifford circuit can be reduced to an equivalent, manifestly simulatable circuit (normal form). This provides a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-02-20 M. Van den Nest

The Gottesman-Knill theorem asserts that a quantum circuit composed of Clifford gates can be efficiently simulated on a classical computer. Here we revisit this theorem and extend it to quantum circuits composed of Clifford and T gates,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-04-11 Sergey Bravyi , David Gosset

Efficiently simulating quantum circuits on classical computers is a fundamental challenge in quantum computing. This paper presents a novel theoretical approach that achieves substantial speedups over existing simulators for a wide class of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-10 Daksh Shami

By the Gottesman-Knill Theorem, the outcome probabilities of Clifford circuits can be computed efficiently. We present an alternative proof of this result for quopit Clifford circuits (i.e., Clifford circuits on collections of $p$-level…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-13 Dax Enshan Koh , Mark D. Penney , Robert W. Spekkens

Classical simulations of quantum computations are vital for the future development of this emerging technology. To this end, decision diagrams have been proposed as a complementary technique which frequently allows to tackle the inherent…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-11 Lukas Burgholzer , Hartwig Bauer , Robert Wille

Various algorithms have been developed to simulate quantum circuits on classical hardware. Among the most prominent are approaches based on \emph{stabilizer decompositions} and \emph{tensor network contraction}. In this work, we present a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-09 Julien Codsi , Tuomas Laakkonen

In this book chapter, we provide a tutorial introduction to one-way quantum computation and many of the techniques one can use to understand it. The techniques which are described include the stabilizer formalism and the logical Heisenberg…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-08 Dan E. Browne , Hans J. Briegel
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