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Keeping track of and managing Self-Admitted Technical Debts (SATDs) is important for maintaining a healthy software project. Current active-learning SATD recognition tool involves manual inspection of 24% of the test comments on average to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-01-27 Huy Tu , Tim Menzies

As Deep learning (DL) systems continuously evolve and grow, assuring their quality becomes an important yet challenging task. Compared to non-DL systems, DL systems have more complex team compositions and heavier data dependency. These…

Developing test code may be a time-consuming task that usually requires much effort and cost, especially when it is done manually. Besides, during this process, developers and testers are likely to adopt bad design choices, which may lead…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-03-13 Nildo Silva Junior , Larissa Rocha , Luana Almeida Martins , Ivan Machado

Context. Refactoring has been widely investigated in the past in relation to production code quality, yet still little is known on how developers apply refactoring on test code. Specifically, there is still a lack of investigation into how…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Luana Martins , Valeria Pontillo , Heitor Costa , Filomena Ferrucci , Fabio Palomba , Ivan Machado

Technical debt---design shortcuts taken to optimize for delivery speed---is a critical part of long-term software costs. Consequently, automatically detecting technical debt is a high priority for software practitioners. Software quality…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-06-01 Neil A. Ernst , Stephany Bellomo , Ipek Ozkaya , Robert L. Nord

Unit testing is an essential component of the software development life-cycle. A developer could easily and quickly catch and fix software faults introduced in the source code by creating and running unit tests. Despite their importance,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-08-02 Denivan Campos , Larissa Rocha , Ivan Machado

Microservice architectures provide an intuitive promise of high maintainability and evolvability due to loose coupling. However, these quality attributes are notably vulnerable to technical debt (TD). Few studies address TD in microservice…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Klara Borowa , Andrzej Ratkowski , Roberto Verdecchia

Background: To adequately attend to non-functional requirements (NFRs), they must be documented; otherwise, developers would not know about their existence. However, the documentation of NFRs may be subject to Technical Debt and Waste, as…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-09-30 Gabriela Robiolo , Ezequiel Scott , Santiago Matalonga , Michael Felderer

Community smells appear in sub-optimal software development community structures, causing unforeseen additional project costs, e.g., lower productivity and more technical debt. Previous studies analyzed and predicted community smells in the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-15 Zijie Huang , Zhiqing Shao , Guisheng Fan , Jianhua Gao , Ziyi Zhou , Kang Yang , Xingguang Yang

Understanding and effectively managing Technical Debt (TD) remains a vital challenge in software engineering. While many studies on code-level TD have been published, few illustrate the business impact of low-quality source code. In this…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-25 Markus Borg , Ilyana Pruvost , Enys Mones , Adam Tornhill

This white paper provides an overview of the topic of "technical debt" and presents an approach for managing technical debt in teams. The white paper is based on the results of my dissertation, which aimed to translate scientific findings…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Marion Wiese

Cognitive biases exert a significant influence on human thinking and decision-making. In order to identify how they influence the occurrence of architectural technical debt, a series of semi-structured interviews with software architects…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Klara Borowa , Andrzej Zalewski , Szymon Kijas

As large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT, Copilot, Claude, and Gemini become integrated into software development workflows, developers increasingly leave traces of AI involvement in their code comments. Among these, some comments…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Abdullah Al Mujahid , Mia Mohammad Imran

Technical debt refers to suboptimal code that degrades software quality. When developers intentionally introduce such debt, it is called self-admitted technical debt (SATD). Since SATD hinders maintenance, identifying its categories is key…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Sota Nakashima , Yuta Ishimoto , Masanari Kondo , Tao Xiao , Yasutaka Kamei

An essential part of software maintenance and evolution, refactoring is performed by developers, regardless of technology or domain, to improve the internal quality of the system, and reduce its technical debt. However, choosing the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-10-26 Anthony Peruma , Steven Simmons , Eman Abdullah AlOmar , Christian D. Newman , Mohamed Wiem Mkaouer , Ali Ouni

Managing technical debt (TD) is critical to ensure the sustainability of long-term software projects. However, the time and cost involved in technical debt management (TDM) often discourage practitioners from performing this activity…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-14 João Paulo Biazotto , Daniel Feitosa , Paris Avgeriou , Elisa Yumi Nakagawa

\underline{Context:} Logging is a fundamental yet complex practice in software engineering, essential for monitoring, debugging, and auditing software systems. With the increasing integration of machine learning (ML) components into…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Patrick Loic Foalem , Leuson Da Silva , Foutse Khomh , Ettore Merlo , Heng Li

To evaluate how developers perform differently in solving programming tasks, i.e., which actions and behaviours are more beneficial to them than others and if there are any specific strategies and behaviours that may indicate good versus…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Martin Schröer , Rainer Koschke

Background: With the rising popularity of Artificial Intelligence (AI), there is a growing need to build large and complex AI-based systems in a cost-effective and manageable way. Like with traditional software, Technical Debt (TD) will…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-08-24 Justus Bogner , Roberto Verdecchia , Ilias Gerostathopoulos

Architectural debt is a form of technical debt that derives from the gap between the architectural design of the system as it "should be" compared to "as it is". We measured architecture debt in two ways: 1) in terms of system-wide coupling…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-12-03 Maleknaz Nayebi , Yuanfang Cai , Rick Kazman , Guenther Ruhe , Qiong Feng , Chris Carlson , Francis Chew