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The detailed interior structure models of super-Earth planets show that there is degeneracy in the possible bulk compositions of a super-Earth at a given mass and radius, determined via radial velocity and transit measurements,…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-18 Robert A. Marcus , Dimitar Sasselov , Lars Hernquist , Sarah T. Stewart

Formation of planets in the Neptune size range with low-mass, but voluminous, H_2/He gaseous envelopes is modeled by detailed numerical simulations according to the core-nucleated accretion scenario. Formation locations ranging from 0.5 to…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-22 Peter Bodenheimer , Jack J. Lissauer

One of the most significant advances by NASA's ${\mathit Kepler}$ Mission was the discovery of an abundant new population of highly irradiated planets with sizes between the Earth and Neptune. Subsequent analysis showed that at ~1.5 Earth…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-06-11 Eric D. Lopez , Ken Rice

Although the number of exoplanets reported in the literature exceeds 5000 so far, only a few dozen of them are young planets ($\le$900 Myr). However, a complete characterization of these young planets is key to understanding the current…

The K2-33 planetary system hosts one transiting ~5 R_E planet orbiting the young M-type host star. The planet's mass is still unknown, with an estimated upper limit of 5.4 M_J. The extreme youth of the system (<20 Myr) gives the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-04-18 D. Kubyshkina , M. Lendl , L. Fossati , P. E. Cubillos , H. Lammer , N. V. Erkaev , C. P. Johnstone

Identifying planets around O-type and B-type stars is inherently difficult; the most massive known planet host has a mass of only about $3M_{\odot}$. However, planetary systems which survive the transformation of their host stars into white…

We investigate under what circumstances an embedded planet in a protoplanetary disc may sculpt the dust distribution such that it observationally presents as a `transition' disc. We concern ourselves with `transition' discs that have large…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-19 James E. Owen

The research of exoplanets has entered an era in which we characterize extrasolar planets. This has become possible with measurements of radii and luminosities. Meanwhile, radial velocity surveys discover also very low-mass planets. Uniting…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-05 C. Mordasini , Y. Alibert , C. Georgy , K. -M. Dittkrist , H. Klahr , T. Henning

The origin of the observed diversity of planetary system architectures is one of the main topic of the exoplanetary research. The detection of a statistically significant sample of planets around young stars allows us to study the early…

Theories of planet formation predict the birth of giant planets in the inner, dense, and gas-rich regions of the circumstellar disks around young stars. These are the regions from which strong CO emission is expected. Observations have so…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-20 Zs. Regaly , L. Kiss , Zs. Sandor , C. P. Dullemond

The high occurrence rates of spiral arms and large central clearings in protoplanetary disks, if interpreted as signposts of giant planets, indicate that gas giants form commonly as companions to young stars ($<$ few Myr) at orbital…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2020-06-03 Sean D. Brittain , Joan R. Najita , Ruobing Dong , Zhaohuan Zhu

We compute the accretion efficiency of small solids, with radii 1 cm $\le$ Rs $\le$ 10 m, on planets embedded in gaseous disks. Planets have masses 3 $\le$ Mp $\le$ 20 Earth masses (Me) and orbit within 10 AU of a solar-mass star. Disk…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-06-06 Gennaro D'Angelo , Peter Bodenheimer

Gaps imaged in protoplanetary discs are suspected to be opened by planets. We compute the present-day mass accretion rates $\dot{M}_{\rm p}$ of seven hypothesized gap-embedded planets, plus the two confirmed planets in the PDS 70 disc. The…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-12-15 Nick Choksi , Eugene Chiang

Giant planets are expected to form at orbital radii that are relatively large compared to transit and radial velocity detections (>1 AU). As a result, giant planet formation is best observed through direct imaging. By simulating the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-09-19 A. L. Wallace , M. J. Ireland

Exoplanets are detected around stars of different ages and birthplaces within the Galaxy. The aim of this work is to infer the Galactic birth radii ($r_\text{birth}$) of stars and, consequently, their planets, with the ultimate goal of…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-01-22 Joana Teixeira , Vardan Adibekyan , Diego Bossini

The frequency of discs around young stars, a key parameter for understanding planet formation, is most readily determined in young stellar clusters where many relatively coeval stars are located in close proximity. Observational studies…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2015-06-22 Susanne Pfalzner , Manuel Steinhausen , Karl Menten

Many exoplanets have been discovered with radii of 1-4 Earth radii, between that of Earth and Neptune. A number of these are known to have densities consistent with solid compositions, while others are "sub-Neptunes" likely to have…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-18 Alex R. Howe , Adam S. Burrows , Wesley Verne

The observational detection of a localized reduction in the small planet occurrence rate, sometimes termed a 'gap', is an exciting discovery because of the implications for planet evolutionary history. This gap appears to define a…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-08-05 Raissa Estrela , Mark Swain , Akash Gupta , Christophe Sotin , Adriana Valio

Mass, radius, and age measurements of young (<100 Myr) planets have the power to shape our understanding of planet formation. However, young stars tend to be extremely variable in both photometry and radial velocity, which makes…