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Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) lies at the heart of a plethora of applications involving the interaction of a group of agents in a shared unknown environment. A prominent framework for studying MARL is Markov games, with the goal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Tong Yang , Bo Dai , Lin Xiao , Yuejie Chi

We characterize offline data poisoning attacks on Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL), where an attacker may change a data set in an attempt to install a (potentially fictitious) unique Markov-perfect Nash equilibrium for a two-player…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Young Wu , Jeremy McMahan , Xiaojin Zhu , Qiaomin Xie

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has witnessed significant progress with the development of value function factorization methods. It allows optimizing a joint action-value function through the maximization of factorized per-agent…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-05-05 Hanhan Zhou , Tian Lan , Vaneet Aggarwal

We discuss the problem of decentralized multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) in this work. In our setting, the global state, action, and reward are assumed to be fully observable, while the local policy is protected as privacy by each…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Kuo Li , Qing-Shan Jia

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has achieved notable success in cooperative tasks, demonstrating impressive performance and scalability. However, deploying MARL agents in real-world applications presents critical safety…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Zeyang Li , Navid Azizan

A central problem in the theory of multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) is to understand what structural conditions and algorithmic principles lead to sample-efficient learning guarantees, and how these considerations change as we move…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-02 Dylan J. Foster , Dean P. Foster , Noah Golowich , Alexander Rakhlin

Various methods for Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) have been developed with the assumption that agents' policies are based on accurate state information. However, policies learned through Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-15 Songyang Han , Sanbao Su , Sihong He , Shuo Han , Haizhao Yang , Shaofeng Zou , Fei Miao

Nash Q-learning may be considered one of the first and most known algorithms in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) for learning policies that constitute a Nash equilibrium of an underlying general-sum Markov game. Its original proof…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-02 Pedro Cisneros-Velarde , Sanmi Koyejo

This paper offers a new hybrid probably approximately correct (PAC) reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm for Markov decision processes (MDPs) that intelligently maintains favorable features of its parents. The designed algorithm, referred…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-29 Ashkan Zehfroosh , Herbert G. Tanner

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) provides an efficient way for simultaneously learning policies for multiple agents interacting with each other. However, in scenarios requiring complex interactions, existing algorithms can suffer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-08 Xiaobai Ma , David Isele , Jayesh K. Gupta , Kikuo Fujimura , Mykel J. Kochenderfer

Learning Nash equilibrium (NE) in complex zero-sum games with multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) can be extremely computationally expensive. Curriculum learning is an effective way to accelerate learning, but an under-explored…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Jiayu Chen , Zelai Xu , Yunfei Li , Chao Yu , Jiaming Song , Huazhong Yang , Fei Fang , Yu Wang , Yi Wu

Evaluating deep multiagent reinforcement learning (MARL) algorithms is complicated by stochasticity in training and sensitivity of agent performance to the behavior of other agents. We propose a meta-game evaluation framework for deep MARL,…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-05-02 Zun Li , Michael P. Wellman

Despite the recent advancement in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), the MARL agents easily overfit the training environment and perform poorly in the evaluation scenarios where other agents behave differently. Obtaining…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-10-19 Wei Qiu , Xiao Ma , Bo An , Svetlana Obraztsova , Shuicheng Yan , Zhongwen Xu

Markov games (MGs) and multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) are studied to model decision making in multi-agent systems. Traditionally, the objective in MG and MARL has been risk-neutral, i.e., agents are assumed to optimize a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Hafez Ghaemi , Shirin Jamshidi , Mohammad Mashreghi , Majid Nili Ahmadabadi , Hamed Kebriaei

Several multiagent reinforcement learning (MARL) algorithms have been proposed to optimize agents decisions. Due to the complexity of the problem, the majority of the previously developed MARL algorithms assumed agents either had some…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-01-16 Sherief Abdallah , Victor Lesser

Tremendous advances have been made in multiagent reinforcement learning (MARL). MARL corresponds to the learning problem in a multiagent system in which multiple agents learn simultaneously. It is an interdisciplinary field of study with a…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Yaodong Yang , Chengdong Ma , Zihan Ding , Stephen McAleer , Chi Jin , Jun Wang , Tuomas Sandholm

Autonomous driving (AD) requires safe and reliable decision-making among interacting agents, e.g., vehicles, bicycles, and pedestrians. Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) modeled by Markov games (MGs) provides a suitable framework to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-20 Huiwen Yan , Mushuang Liu

Similar to the role of Markov decision processes in reinforcement learning, Stochastic Games (SGs) lay the foundation for the study of multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) and sequential agent interactions. In this paper, we derive…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-01-12 Xiaotie Deng , Ningyuan Li , David Mguni , Jun Wang , Yaodong Yang

This paper investigates the network load balancing problem in data centers (DCs) where multiple load balancers (LBs) are deployed, using the multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) framework. The challenges of this problem consist of the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Zhiyuan Yao , Zihan Ding

In real-world multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) applications, agents may not have perfect state information (e.g., due to inaccurate measurement or malicious attacks), which challenges the robustness of agents' policies. Though…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Sihong He , Songyang Han , Sanbao Su , Shuo Han , Shaofeng Zou , Fei Miao