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Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) are the primary means by which users interact with mobile applications, making them crucial to both app functionality and user experience. However, a major challenge in automated testing is the frequent…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Linqiang Guo , Wei Liu , Yi Wen Heng , Tse-Hsun , Chen , Yang Wang

WebView is a UI widget that helps integrate web applications into the native context of Android apps. It provides powerful mechanisms for bi-directional interactions between the native-end (Java) and the web-end (JavaScript) of an Android…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Jiajun Hu , Lili Wei , Yepang Liu , Shing-Chi Cheung

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents have the potential to assist users in interacting with complex software (e.g., PowerPoint, Photoshop). While prior research has primarily focused on automating user actions through clicks and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Saelyne Yang , Jaesang Yu , Yi-Hao Peng , Kevin Qinghong Lin , Jae Won Cho , Yale Song , Juho Kim

Exploratory GUI testing is a particularly demanding setting for MLLM agents: without predefined test scripts, an agent must autonomously navigate an application and discover defects through its own interaction. However, current evaluation…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Xiaoyi Chen , Yifei Gao , Yang Xu , Xingxing Song , Yi Zhang , Jitao Sang

Mobile app GUI (Graphical User Interface) pages now contain rich visual information, with the visual semantics of each page helping users understand the application logic. However, these complex visual and functional logic present new…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Zhe Liu , Cheng Li , Chunyang Chen , Junjie Wang , Mengzhuo Chen , Boyu Wu , Yawen Wang , Jun Hu , Qing Wang

Modern mobile applications rely on hidden interactions--gestures without visual cues like long presses and swipes--to provide functionality without cluttering interfaces. While experienced users may discover these interactions through prior…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Minkyu Kweon , Seokhyeon Park , Soohyun Lee , You Been Lee , Jeongmin Rhee , Jinwook Seo

For graphical user interface (UI) design, it is important to understand what attracts visual attention. While previous work on saliency has focused on desktop and web-based UIs, mobile app UIs differ from these in several respects. We…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-01-25 Luis A. Leiva , Yunfei Xue , Avya Bansal , Hamed R. Tavakoli , Tuğçe Köroğlu , Niraj R. Dayama , Antti Oulasvirta

The inception of a mobile app often takes form of a mock-up of the Graphical User Interface (GUI), represented as a static image delineating the proper layout and style of GUI widgets that satisfy requirements. Following this initial…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-04-09 Kevin Moran , Boyang Li , Carlos Bernal-Cárdenas , Dan Jelf , Denys Poshyvanyk

Vision language models (VLMs) have advanced graphical user interface (GUI) task automation but still lag behind humans. We hypothesize this gap stems from missing core GUI knowledge, which existing training schemes (such as supervised fine…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Chenrui Shi , Zedong Yu , Zhi Gao , Ruining Feng , Enqi Liu , Yuwei Wu , Yunde Jia , Liuyu Xiang , Zhaofeng He , Qing Li

Automated software testing is integral to the software development process, streamlining workflows and ensuring product reliability. Visual testing, particularly for user interface (UI) and user experience (UX) validation, plays a vital…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Milad Moradi , Ke Yan , David Colwell , Rhona Asgari

GUI testing is significant in the SE community. Most existing frameworks are intrusive and only support some specific platforms. With the development of distinct scenarios, diverse embedded systems or customized operating systems on…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Shengcheng Yu , Chunrong Fang , Mingzhe Du , Yuchen Ling , Zhenyu Chen , Zhendong Su

In this paper, we define visual log of a software system as data capturing the interactions between its users and its graphic user interface (GUI), such as screen-shots and screen recordings. We vision that mining such visual log could be…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2016-10-28 Hung Pham , Tam Nguyen , Phong Vu , Tung Nguyen

Automated input generators are widely used for large-scale dynamic analysis of mobile apps. Such input generators must constantly choose which UI element to interact with and how to interact with it, in order to achieve high coverage with a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-01-01 Yuanchun Li , Ziyue Yang , Yao Guo , Xiangqun Chen

Oracles used for testing graphical user interface (GUI) programs are required to take into consideration complicating factors such as variations in screen resolution or color scheme when comparing observed GUI elements to expected GUI…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2016-11-18 Dalal Hammoud , Fadi A. Zaraket , Wes Masri

Mobile app user interfaces (UIs) are rich with action, text, structure, and image content that can be utilized to learn generic UI representations for tasks like automating user commands, summarizing content, and evaluating the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Andrea Burns , Kate Saenko , Bryan A. Plummer

The demand for quality in mobile applications has increased greatly given users' high reliance on them for daily tasks. Developers work tirelessly to ensure that their applications are both functional and user-friendly. In pursuit of this,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Safwat Ali Khan

The quality of Virtual Reality (VR) apps is vital, particularly the rendering quality of the VR Graphical User Interface (GUI). Different from traditional 2D apps, VR apps create a 3D digital scene for users, by rendering two distinct 2D…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Shuqing Li , Cuiyun Gao , Jianping Zhang , Yujia Zhang , Yepang Liu , Jiazhen Gu , Yun Peng , Michael R. Lyu

Automated understanding of user interfaces (UIs) from their pixels can improve accessibility, enable task automation, and facilitate interface design without relying on developers to comprehensively provide metadata. A first step is to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Jason Wu , Xiaoyi Zhang , Jeff Nichols , Jeffrey P. Bigham

GUI agents drive applications through their visual interfaces instead of programmatic APIs, interacting with arbitrary software via taps, swipes, and keystrokes, reaching a long tail of applications that CLI-based agents cannot. Yet…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Fei Tang , Zhiqiong Lu , Boxuan Zhang , Weiming Lu , Jun Xiao , Yueting Zhuang , Yongliang Shen

In issue-tracking systems, incorporating screenshots significantly enhances the clarity of bug reports, facilitating more efficient communication and expediting issue resolution. However, determining when and what type of visual content to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Xuchen Tan , Deenu Yadav , Faiz Ahmed , Maleknaz Nayebi