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The open-endedness of large language models (LLMs) combined with their impressive capabilities may lead to new safety issues when being exploited for malicious use. While recent studies primarily focus on probing toxic outputs that can be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Jiaxin Wen , Pei Ke , Hao Sun , Zhexin Zhang , Chengfei Li , Jinfeng Bai , Minlie Huang

Multimodal retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) enhances the visual reasoning capability of vision-language models (VLMs) by dynamically accessing information from external knowledge bases. In this work, we introduce \textit{Poisoned-MRAG},…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Yinuo Liu , Zenghui Yuan , Guiyao Tie , Jiawen Shi , Pan Zhou , Lichao Sun , Neil Zhenqiang Gong

Model-based offline reinforcement learning (RL) aims to find highly rewarding policy, by leveraging a previously collected static dataset and a dynamics model. While the dynamics model learned through reuse of the static dataset, its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Kaiyang Guo , Yunfeng Shao , Yanhui Geng

Many reinforcement learning (RL) problems in practice are offline, learning purely from observational data. A key challenge is how to ensure the learned policy is safe, which requires quantifying the risk associated with different actions.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-28 Yecheng Jason Ma , Dinesh Jayaraman , Osbert Bastani

Machine learning has been widely applied to various applications, some of which involve training with privacy-sensitive data. A modest number of data breaches have been studied, including credit card information in natural language data and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-26 Xinlei Pan , Weiyao Wang , Xiaoshuai Zhang , Bo Li , Jinfeng Yi , Dawn Song

In several reinforcement learning (RL) scenarios, mainly in security settings, there may be adversaries trying to interfere with the reward generating process. In this paper, we introduce Threatened Markov Decision Processes (TMDPs), which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-28 Victor Gallego , Roi Naveiro , David Rios Insua

Large Language Model (LLM) agents can leverage tools such as Google Search to complete complex tasks. However, this tool usage introduces the risk of indirect prompt injections, where malicious instructions hidden in tool outputs can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Zizhao Wang , Dingcheng Li , Vaishakh Keshava , Phillip Wallis , Ananth Balashankar , Peter Stone , Lukas Rutishauser

Machine learning models have been widely adopted in several fields. However, most recent studies have shown several vulnerabilities from attacks with a potential to jeopardize the integrity of the model, presenting a new window of research…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-23 Miguel A. Ramirez , Song-Kyoo Kim , Hussam Al Hamadi , Ernesto Damiani , Young-Ji Byon , Tae-Yeon Kim , Chung-Suk Cho , Chan Yeob Yeun

Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms have led to recent successes in solving complex games, such as Atari or Starcraft, and to a huge impact in real-world applications, such as cybersecurity or autonomous driving. In the side of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-15 Rubén Majadas , Javier García , Fernando Fernández

We propose the first study of adversarial attacks on online learning to rank. The goal of the adversary is to misguide the online learning to rank algorithm to place the target item on top of the ranking list linear times to time horizon…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Zichen Wang , Rishab Balasubramanian , Hui Yuan , Chenyu Song , Mengdi Wang , Huazheng Wang

While recent works have indicated that federated learning (FL) may be vulnerable to poisoning attacks by compromised clients, their real impact on production FL systems is not fully understood. In this work, we aim to develop a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Virat Shejwalkar , Amir Houmansadr , Peter Kairouz , Daniel Ramage

Research in adversarial machine learning (AML) has shown that statistical models are vulnerable to maliciously altered data. However, despite advances in Bayesian machine learning models, most AML research remains concentrated on classical…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-04 Matthieu Carreau , Roi Naveiro , William N. Caballero

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a powerful method for controlling dynamic systems, but its learning mechanism can lead to unpredictable actions that undermine the safety of critical systems. Here, we propose RL with Adaptive Regularization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Haozhe Tian , Homayoun Hamedmoghadam , Robert Shorten , Pietro Ferraro

Making learners robust to adversarial perturbation at test time (i.e., evasion attacks) or training time (i.e., poisoning attacks) has emerged as a challenging task. It is known that for some natural settings, sublinear perturbations in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-07 Saeed Mahloujifar , Mohammad Mahmoody

This Research proposes a Novel Reinforcement Learning (RL) model to optimise malware forensics investigation during cyber incident response. It aims to improve forensic investigation efficiency by reducing false negatives and adapting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Dipo Dunsin , Mohamed Chahine Ghanem , Karim Ouazzane , Vassil Vassilev

Neural network classifiers are vulnerable to data poisoning attacks, as attackers can degrade or even manipulate their predictions thorough poisoning only a few training samples. However, the robustness of heuristic defenses is hard to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-14 Ruoxin Chen , Jie Li , Chentao Wu , Bin Sheng , Ping Li

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has recently received significant attention from the process systems engineering and control communities. Recent works have investigated the application of RL to identify optimal scheduling decision in the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-11 Max Mowbray , Dongda Zhang , Ehecatl Antonio Del Rio Chanona

We study the robustness of reinforcement learning (RL) with adversarially perturbed state observations, which aligns with the setting of many adversarial attacks to deep reinforcement learning (DRL) and is also important for rolling out…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-22 Huan Zhang , Hongge Chen , Duane Boning , Cho-Jui Hsieh

Robot manipulation policies, while central to the promise of physical AI, are highly vulnerable in the presence of external variations in the real world. Diagnosing these vulnerabilities is hindered by two key challenges: (i) the relevant…

Adversarial attacks against conventional Deep Learning (DL) systems and algorithms have been widely studied, and various defenses were proposed. However, the possibility and feasibility of such attacks against Deep Reinforcement Learning…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-05-15 Jianwen Sun , Tianwei Zhang , Xiaofei Xie , Lei Ma , Yan Zheng , Kangjie Chen , Yang Liu