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The (gradient-based) bilevel programming framework is widely used in hyperparameter optimization and has achieved excellent performance empirically. Previous theoretical work mainly focuses on its optimization properties, while leaving the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-26 Fan Bao , Guoqiang Wu , Chongxuan Li , Jun Zhu , Bo Zhang

In this paper, we studied the federated bilevel optimization problem, which has widespread applications in machine learning. In particular, we developed two momentum-based algorithms for optimizing this kind of problem and established the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-22 Hongchang Gao

Bilevel learning has gained prominence in machine learning, inverse problems, and imaging applications, including hyperparameter optimization, learning data-adaptive regularizers, and optimizing forward operators. The large-scale nature of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-05-20 Mohammad Sadegh Salehi , Subhadip Mukherjee , Lindon Roberts , Matthias J. Ehrhardt

Multilevel optimization has gained renewed interest in machine learning due to its promise in applications such as hyperparameter tuning and continual learning. However, existing methods struggle with the inherent difficulty of efficiently…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Yuntian Gu , Xuzheng Chen

Bilevel optimization is a key framework in hierarchical decision-making, where one problem is embedded within the constraints of another. In this work, we propose a control-theoretic approach to solving bilevel optimization problems. Our…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-03-25 Sina Sharifi , Nazanin Abolfazli , Erfan Yazdandoost Hamedani , Mahyar Fazlyab

Simple bilevel problems are optimization problems in which we want to find an optimal solution to an inner problem that minimizes an outer objective function. Such problems appear in many machine learning and signal processing applications…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-12-21 Lior Doron , Shimrit Shtern

Bilevel optimization, a hierarchical mathematical framework where one optimization problem is nested within another, has emerged as a powerful tool for modeling complex decision-making processes in various fields such as economics,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Omer Ekmekcioglu , Nursen Aydin , Juergen Branke

This paper firstly proposes a convex bilevel optimization paradigm to formulate and optimize popular learning and vision problems in real-world scenarios. Different from conventional approaches, which directly design their iteration schemes…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-30 Risheng Liu , Long Ma , Xiaoming Yuan , Shangzhi Zeng , Jin Zhang

Both bilevel and robust optimization are established fields of mathematical optimization and operations research. However, only until recently, the similarities in their mathematical structure has neither been studied theoretically nor…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-20 Henri Lefebvre , Martin Schmidt , Simon Stevens , Johannes Thürauf

In this letter, we consider a bilevel optimization problem in which the outer-level objective function is strongly convex, whereas the inner-level problem consists of a finite sum of convex functions. Bilevel optimization problems arise in…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-01-22 Sudkobfa Boontawee , Mootta Prangprakhon , Nimit Nimana

Diffusion models, which iteratively denoise data samples to synthesize high-quality outputs, have achieved empirical success across domains. However, optimizing these models for downstream tasks often involves nested bilevel structures,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Quan Xiao , Hui Yuan , A F M Saif , Gaowen Liu , Ramana Kompella , Mengdi Wang , Tianyi Chen

Hyperparameter tuning is an active area of research in machine learning, where the aim is to identify the optimal hyperparameters that provide the best performance on the validation set. Hyperparameter tuning is often achieved using naive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-23 Ankur Sinha , Tanmay Khandait , Raja Mohanty

We consider the convex bilevel optimization problem, also known as simple bilevel programming. There are two challenges in solving convex bilevel optimization problems. Firstly, strong duality is not guaranteed due to the lack of Slater…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-29 Khanh-Hung Giang-Tran , Nam Ho-Nguyen , Fatma Kılınç-Karzan , Lingqing Shen

Bilevel optimization has been applied to a wide variety of machine learning models, and numerous stochastic bilevel optimization algorithms have been developed in recent years. However, most existing algorithms restrict their focus on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Hongchang Gao , Bin Gu , My T. Thai

Bilevel optimization has been successfully applied to many important machine learning problems. Algorithms for solving bilevel optimization have been studied under various settings. In this paper, we study the nonconvex-strongly-convex…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-06-14 Xuxing Chen , Minhui Huang , Shiqian Ma

Bilevel optimization recently has attracted increased interest in machine learning due to its many applications such as hyper-parameter optimization and meta learning. Although many bilevel methods recently have been proposed, these methods…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-02-21 Feihu Huang , Junyi Li , Shangqian Gao

Bilevel optimization has gained prominence in various applications. In this study, we introduce a framework for solving bilevel optimization problems, where the variables in both the lower and upper levels are constrained on Riemannian…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-11-05 Andi Han , Bamdev Mishra , Pratik Jawanpuria , Akiko Takeda

Hyperparameter optimization in machine learning is often achieved using naive techniques that only lead to an approximate set of hyperparameters. Although techniques such as Bayesian optimization perform an intelligent search on a given…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Ankur Sinha , Satender Gunwal , Shivam Kumar

Bilevel optimization and bilevel minimax optimization have recently emerged as unifying frameworks for a range of machine-learning tasks, including hyperparameter optimization and reinforcement learning. The existing literature focuses on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Xuelin Zhang , Peipei Yuan

Bilevel optimization has been widely applied in many important machine learning applications such as hyperparameter optimization and meta-learning. Recently, several momentum-based algorithms have been proposed to solve bilevel optimization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-17 Junjie Yang , Kaiyi Ji , Yingbin Liang