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The Ethereum blockchain has a \emph{gas system} that associates operations with a cost in gas units. Two central concepts of this system are the \emph{gas limit} assigned by the issuer of a transaction and the \emph{gas used} by a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Danilo Rafael de Lima Cabral , Pedro Antonino , Augusto Sampaio

The cryptocurrency is attracting more and more attention because of the blockchain technology. Ethereum is gaining a significant popularity in blockchain community, mainly due to the fact that it is designed in a way that enables developers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-11-28 TonTon Hsien-De Huang , Po-Wei Hong , Ying-Tse Lee , Yi-Lun Wang , Chi-Leong Lok , Hung-Yu Kao

Understanding the economic intent of Ethereum transactions is critical for user safety, yet current tools expose only raw on-chain data or surface-level intent, leading to widespread "blind signing" (approving transactions without…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Zifan Peng , Jingyi Zheng , Yule Liu , Huaiyu Jia , Qiming Ye , Jingyu Liu , Xufeng Yang , Mingchen Li , Qingyuan Gong , Xuechao Wang , Xinlei He

Smart contracts are a major tool in Ethereum transactions. Therefore hackers can exploit them by adding code vulnerabilities to their sources and using these vulnerabilities for performing malicious transactions. This paper presents two…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-19 Natan Katz

A common misconception among blockchain users is that pseudonymity guarantees privacy. The reality is almost the opposite. Every transaction one makes is recorded on a public ledger and reveals information about one's identity. Mixers, such…

Cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, are becoming increasingly prevalent mainly due to their anonymity, decentralization, transparency, and security. However, the completely public ledger makes the trace and analysis of each…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-18 Shuo Chen , Shaikh Muhammad Uzair Norman

Compromised accounts on social networks are regular user accounts that have been taken over by an entity with malicious intent. Since the adversary exploits the already established trust of a compromised account, it is crucial to detect…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Dominic Seyler , Lunan Li , ChengXiang Zhai

With the frantic development of smart contracts on the Ethereum platform, its market value has also climbed. In 2016, people were shocked by the loss of nearly $50 million in cryptocurrencies from the DAO reentrancy attack. Due to the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-05-03 Xiaotao Feng , Qin Wang , Xiaogang Zhu , Sheng Wen

The beacon chain is the backbone of the Ethereum's evolution towards a proof-of-stake-based scalable network. Beacon clients are the applications implementing the services required to operate the beacon chain, namely validators, beacon…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-09-27 Jean-Philippe Aumasson , Denis Kolegov , Evangelia Stathopoulou

Users are more aware than ever of the importance of their own data, thanks to reports about security breaches and leaks of private, often sensitive data in recent years. Additionally, the GDPR has been in effect in the European Union for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Tobias Dam , Maximilian Henzl , Lukas Daniel Klausner

The number of blockchain users has tremendously grown in recent years. As an unintended consequence, e-crime transactions on blockchains has been on the rise. Consequently, public blockchains have become a hotbed of research for developing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-29 Cuneyt G. Akcora , Sudhanva Purusotham , Yulia R. Gel , Mitchell Krawiec-Thayer , Murat Kantarcioglu

Due to the immutable and decentralized nature of Ethereum (ETH) platform, smart contracts are prone to security risks that can result in financial loss. While existing machine learning-based vulnerability detection algorithms achieve high…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-18 Christoph Sendner , Ruisi Zhang , Alexander Hefter , Alexandra Dmitrienko , Farinaz Koushanfar

Blockchain technology and, in particular, blockchain-based cryptocurrencies offer us information that has never been seen before in the financial world. In contrast to fiat currencies, all transactions of crypto-currencies and crypto-tokens…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2019-12-24 Yitao Li , Umar Islambekov , Cuneyt Akcora , Ekaterina Smirnova , Yulia R. Gel , Murat Kantarcioglu

Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies are gaining unprecedented popularity and understanding. Meanwhile, Ethereum is gaining a significant popularity in the blockchain community, mainly due to the fact that it is designed in a way that enables…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-07-06 TonTon Hsien-De Huang

Given the large adoption and economical impact of permissionless blockchains, the complexity of the underlying systems and the adversarial environment in which they operate, it is fundamental to properly study and understand the emergent…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-05-22 Paulo Silva , David Vavřička , João Barreto , Miguel Matos

Smart contract technology facilitates self-executing agreements on the blockchain, eliminating dependency on an external trusted authority. However, smart contracts may expose vulnerabilities that can lead to financial losses and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Emre Balci , Timucin Aydede , Gorkem Yilmaz , Ece Gelal Soyak

Smart contracts, self-executing programs on the blockchain, facilitate reliable value exchanges without centralized oversight. Despite the recent focus on dynamic analysis of their transaction histories in both industry and academia, no…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Zhiyang Chen , Ye Liu , Sidi Mohamed Beillahi , Yi Li , Fan Long

The Blockchain and the programs running on it, called Smart Contracts, are more and more applied in all fields requiring trust and strong certifications. In this work we compare public and permissioned blockchains for industrial…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-05-07 Lodovica Marchesi , Michele Marchesi , Roberto Tonelli

While the use of graph-structured data in various fields is becoming increasingly popular, it also raises concerns about the potential unauthorized exploitation of personal data for training commercial graph neural network (GNN) models,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Yixin Liu , Chenrui Fan , Pan Zhou , Lichao Sun

Over the last few years, there has been substantial research on automated analysis, testing, and debugging of Ethereum smart contracts. However, it is not trivial to compare and reproduce that research. To address this, we present…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-07-13 João F. Ferreira , Pedro Cruz , Thomas Durieux , Rui Abreu