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This short paper gives a model for and a proof of completeness of the NRB verification logic for deterministic imperative programs, the logic having been used in the past as the basis for automated semantic checks of large, fast-changing,…

Arguably, omega-regular languages play an important role as a specification formalism in many approaches to systems monitoring via runtime verification. However, since their elements are infinite words, not every omega-regular language can…

In this paper we present a novel rule-based approach for Runtime Verification of FLTL properties over finite but expanding traces. Our system exploits Horn clauses in implication form and relies on a forward chaining-based monitoring…

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant potential in automating hardware synthesis, yet substantial barriers remain for industrial-scale, datapath-centric designs due to ambiguous specifications and a lack of formal…

This paper presents a novel approach to the design verification of Software Product Lines(SPL). The proposed approach assumes that the requirements and designs are modeled as finite state machines with variability information. The…

Context: Dynamic production environments make it challenging to maintain reliable machine learning (ML) systems. Runtime issues, such as changes in data patterns or operating contexts, that degrade model performance are a common occurrence…

This report presents the activities of the first working group of the COST Action ArVI, Runtime Verification beyond Monitoring. The report aims to provide an overview of some of the major core aspects involved in Runtime Verification.…

Symbolic control problems aim to synthesize control policies for dynamical systems under complex temporal specifications. For such problems, Signal Temporal Logic (STL) is increasingly used as the formal specification language due to its…

Motivated by the challenge presented by non-Markovian objectives in reinforcement learning (RL), we present a novel framework to track and represent the progress of autonomous agents through complex, multi-stage tasks. Given a specification…

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has enabled Large Language Models (LLMs) to achieve remarkable reasoning in domains like mathematics and coding, where verifiable rewards provide clear signals. However, extending this paradigm to financial…

Retrieval-Augmented Language Models (RALMs) face significant challenges in reducing factual errors, particularly in document relevance evaluation and knowledge integration. We introduce a framework for structured relevance assessment that…

In the last years Node.js has emerged as a framework particularly suitable for implementing lightweight IoT applications, thanks to its underlying asynchronous event-driven, non blocking I/O model. However, verifying the correctness of…

Context: Ensuring high levels of dependability in modern computer-based systems has become increasingly challenging due to their complexity. Although systems are validated at design time, their behavior can be different at runtime, possibly…

Property Specification Language (PSL) is a form of temporal logic that has been mainly used in discrete domains (e.g. formal hardware verification). In this paper, we show that by merging machine learning techniques with PSL monitors, we…

Conformance checking quantifies the deviations between a set of traces in a given process log and a set of possible traces defined by a process model. Current approaches mostly focus on added or missing events. Lately, multi-perspective…

In formal verification, runtime monitoring consists of observing the execution of a system in order to decide as quickly as possible whether or not it satisfies a given property. We consider monitoring in a distributed setting, for…

The emergence of compositional reasoning in large language models through reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has been a key driver of recent empirical successes. Despite this progress, it remains unclear which…

In previous work we describe a novel approach to dependent typing based on a multivalued term language. In this technical report we formalise the runtime, a kind of operational semantics, for that language. We describe a fairly…

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant potential in hardware design automation, particularly in using natural language to synthesize Register-Transfer Level (RTL) code. Despite this progress, a gap…

When a property needs to be checked against an unknown or very complex system, classical exploration techniques like model-checking are not applicable anymore. Sometimes a~monitor can be used, that checks a given property on the underlying…