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Sharding is a promising technique for addressing the scalability issues of blockchain, and this technique is especially important for IoT, edge, or mobile computing. It divides the $n$ participating nodes into $s$ disjoint groups called…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Ramesh Adhikari , Costas Busch , Miroslav Popovic

Blockchain technology, while revolutionary in enabling decentralized transactions, faces scalability challenges as the ledger must be replicated across all nodes of the chain, limiting throughput and efficiency. Sharding, which divides the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-09 Björn Assmann , Samuel J. Burri

Sharding is a technique to speed up transaction processing in blockchains, where the $n$ processing nodes in the blockchain are divided into $s$ disjoint groups (shards) that can process transactions in parallel. We study dynamic scheduling…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Ramesh Adhikari , Costas Busch , Miroslav Popovic

Low transaction throughput and poor scalability are significant issues in public blockchain consensus protocols such as Bitcoins. Recent research efforts in this direction have proposed shard-based consensus protocols where the key idea is…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2018-09-26 Mohammad Hossein Manshaei , Murtuza Jadliwala , Anindya Maiti , Mahdi Fooladgar

In blockchain sharding, $n$ processing nodes are divided into $s$ shards, and each shard processes transactions in parallel. A key challenge in such a system is to ensure system stability for any ``tractable'' pattern of generated…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Ramesh Adhikari , Costas Busch , Dariusz R. Kowalski

Although blockchain, the supporting technology of Bitcoin and various cryptocurrencies, has offered a potentially effective framework for numerous applications, it still suffers from the adverse affects of the impossibility triangle.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-11-03 Canran Wang , Netanel Raviv

Bitcoin, as well as many of its successors, require the whole transaction record to be reliably acquired by all nodes to prevent double-spending. Recently, many blockchains have been proposed to achieve scale-out throughput by letting nodes…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-05-18 Zhijie Ren , Kelong Cong , Taico V. Aerts , Bart A. P. de Jonge , Alejandro F. Morais , Zekeriya Erkin

Sharding is used to address the performance and scalability issues of the blockchain protocols, which divides the overall transaction processing costs among multiple clusters of nodes. Shards require less storage capacity and communication…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-03-31 Ramesh Adhikari , Costas Busch

Scalability is one of the main roadblocks to business adoption of blockchain systems. Despite recent intensive research on using sharding techniques to enhance the scalability of blockchain systems, existing solutions do not efficiently…

Databases · Computer Science 2020-02-18 Mohammad Javad Amiri , Divyakant Agrawal , Amr El Abbadi

Sharding is used to improve the scalability and performance of blockchain systems. We investigate the stability of blockchain sharding, where transactions are continuously generated by an adversarial model. The system consists of $n$…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Ramesh Adhikari , Costas Busch , Dariusz R. Kowalski

Blockchain systems come with the promise of being inclusive for a variety of decentralized applications (DApps) that can serve different purposes and have different urgency requirements. Despite this, the transaction fee mechanisms…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-04-13 Aggelos Kiayias , Elias Koutsoupias , Philip Lazos , Giorgos Panagiotakos

Sharding has shown great potential to scale out blockchains. It divides nodes into smaller groups which allow for partial transaction processing, relaying and storage. Hence, instead of running one blockchain, we will run multiple…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Pourya Soltani , Farid Ashtiani

Improving transaction throughput is one of the main challenges in decentralized payment systems. Attempts to improve transaction throughput in cryptocurrencies are usually a trade-off between throughput and security or introduce a central…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-10-16 Rowel Gündlach , Jaap-Henk Hoepman , Remco van der Hofstad , Tommy Koens , Stijn Meijer

Distributed ledger technology such as blockchain is considered essential for supporting large numbers of micro-transactions in the Machine Economy, which is envisioned to involve billions of connected heterogeneous and decentralized…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Christoffer Fink , Olov Schelén , Ulf Bodin

We propose Shard Scheduler, a system for object placement and migration in account-based sharded blockchains. Our system calculates optimal placement and decides of object migrations across shards and supports complex multi-account…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-07-16 Michał Król , Onur Ascigil , Sergi Rene , Alberto Sonnino , Mustafa Al-Bassam , Etienne Rivière

Blockchain technologies are expected to make a significant impact on a variety of industries. However, one issue holding them back is their limited transaction throughput, especially compared to established solutions such as distributed…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-03-06 Christian Gorenflo , Stephen Lee , Lukasz Golab , S. Keshav

Existing blockchain systems scale poorly because of their distributed consensus protocols. Current attempts at improving blockchain scalability are limited to cryptocurrency. Scaling blockchain systems under general workloads (i.e.,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-03-13 Hung Dang , Tien Tuan Anh Dinh , Dumitrel Loghin , Ee-Chien Chang , Qian Lin , Beng Chin Ooi

Blockchain transactions consume diverse resources, foremost among them storage, but also computation, communication, and others. Efficiently charging for these resources is crucial for effective system resource allocation and long-term…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Aggelos Kiayias , Elias Koutsoupias , Giorgos Panagiotakos , Kyriaki Zioga

Public blockchains are decentralized networks where each participating node executes the same decision-making process. This form of decentralization does not scale well because the same data are stored on each network node, and because all…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-06-30 M. Toulouse , H. K. Dai , Q. L. Nguyen

Payment channels networks drastically increase the throughput and hence scalability of blockchains by performing transactions \emph{off-chain}. In an off-chain payment, parties deposit coins in a channel and then perform transactions…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-12-21 Yuup van Engelshoven , Stefanie Roos
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