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The dynamic nature of open-world scenarios has attracted more attention to class incremental learning (CIL). However, existing CIL methods typically presume the availability of complete ground-truth labels throughout the training process,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Jiaming Liu , Hongyuan Liu , Zhili Qin , Wei Han , Yulu Fan , Qinli Yang , Junming Shao

Class-Incremental Learning (CIL) requires models to learn new classes without forgetting old ones. A common method is to freeze a pre-trained model and train a new, lightweight adapter for each task. While this prevents forgetting, it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Ruiqi Liu , Boyu Diao , Hangda Liu , Zhulin An , Fei Wang , Yongjun Xu

Class incremental learning (CIL) requires an agent to learn distinct tasks consecutively with knowledge retention against forgetting. Problems impeding the practical applications of CIL methods are twofold: (1) non-i.i.d batch streams and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Junda Wang , Minghui Hu , Ning Li , Abdulaziz Al-Ali , Ponnuthurai Nagaratnam Suganthan

This paper studies the challenging continual learning (CL) setting of Class Incremental Learning (CIL). CIL learns a sequence of tasks consisting of disjoint sets of concepts or classes. At any time, a single model is built that can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-23 Gyuhak Kim , Changnan Xiao , Tatsuya Konishi , Bing Liu

Class-incremental learning (CIL) is typically evaluated under predefined schedules with equal-sized tasks, leaving more realistic and complex cases unexplored. However, a practical CIL system should learns immediately when any number of new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Zhiming Xu , Baile Xu , Jian Zhao , Furao Shen , Suorong Yang

Current research on class-incremental learning primarily focuses on single-label classification tasks. However, real-world applications often involve multi-label scenarios, such as image retrieval and medical imaging. Therefore, this paper…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Chenhao Ding , Songlin Dong , Zhengdong Zhou , Jizhou Han , Qiang Wang , Yuhang He , Yihong Gong

Class-incremental learning (CIL) has been widely studied under the setting of starting from a small number of classes (base classes). Instead, we explore an understudied real-world setting of CIL that starts with a strong model pre-trained…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-13 Tz-Ying Wu , Gurumurthy Swaminathan , Zhizhong Li , Avinash Ravichandran , Nuno Vasconcelos , Rahul Bhotika , Stefano Soatto

Exemplar-Free Class Incremental Learning (efCIL) aims to continuously incorporate the knowledge from new classes while retaining previously learned information, without storing any old-class exemplars (i.e., samples). For this purpose,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Libo Huang , Zhulin An , Yan Zeng , Chuanguang Yang , Xinqiang Yu , Yongjun Xu

Continual learning (or class incremental learning) is a realistic learning scenario for computer vision systems, where deep neural networks are trained on episodic data, and the data from previous episodes are generally inaccessible to the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Aditya R. Bhattacharya , Debanjan Goswami , Shayok Chakraborty

Catastrophic forgetting remains a fundamental challenge in continual learning, in which models often forget previous knowledge when fine-tuned on a new task. This issue is especially pronounced in class incremental learning (CIL), which is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Amirhosein Javadi , Tuomas Oikarinen , Tara Javidi , Tsui-Wei Weng

Class-Incremental Learning (CIL) aims to learn a classification model with the number of classes increasing phase-by-phase. An inherent problem in CIL is the stability-plasticity dilemma between the learning of old and new classes, i.e.,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-02-23 Yaoyao Liu , Bernt Schiele , Qianru Sun

With the memory-resource-limited constraints, class-incremental learning (CIL) usually suffers from the "catastrophic forgetting" problem when updating the joint classification model on the arrival of newly added classes. To cope with the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-19 Hanbin Zhao , Hui Wang , Yongjian Fu , Fei Wu , Xi Li

This study focuses on incremental learning for image classification, exploring how to reduce catastrophic forgetting of all learned knowledge when access to old data is restricted. The challenge lies in balancing plasticity (learning new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Zhiping Zhou , Xuchen Xie , Yiqiao Qiu , Run Lin , Weishi Zheng , Ruixuan Wang

Real-world applications require the classification model to adapt to new classes without forgetting old ones. Correspondingly, Class-Incremental Learning (CIL) aims to train a model with limited memory size to meet this requirement. Typical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-17 Da-Wei Zhou , Qi-Wei Wang , Han-Jia Ye , De-Chuan Zhan

Class-incremental learning (CIL) learns a classification model with training data of different classes arising progressively. Existing CIL either suffers from serious accuracy loss due to catastrophic forgetting, or invades data privacy by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Huiping Zhuang , Zhenyu Weng , Hongxin Wei , Renchunzi Xie , Kar-Ann Toh , Zhiping Lin

Real-world environments are inherently non-stationary, frequently introducing new classes over time. This is especially common in time series classification, such as the emergence of new disease classification in healthcare or the addition…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Zhongzheng Qiao , Quang Pham , Zhen Cao , Hoang H Le , P. N. Suganthan , Xudong Jiang , Ramasamy Savitha

Instance-incremental learning (IIL) focuses on learning continually with data of the same classes. Compared to class-incremental learning (CIL), the IIL is seldom explored because IIL suffers less from catastrophic forgetting (CF). However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Qiang Nie , Weifu Fu , Yuhuan Lin , Jialin Li , Yifeng Zhou , Yong Liu , Lei Zhu , Chengjie Wang

Deep convolutional neural networks have made significant breakthroughs in medical image classification, under the assumption that training samples from all classes are simultaneously available. However, in real-world medical scenarios,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Xuze Hao , Wenqian Ni , Xuhao Jiang , Weimin Tan , Bo Yan

Class-incremental learning (CIL) aims to train a model to learn new classes from non-stationary data streams without forgetting old ones. In this paper, we propose a new kind of connectionist model by tailoring neural unit dynamics that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Depeng Li , Tianqi Wang , Junwei Chen , Wei Dai , Zhigang Zeng

Class-incremental learning (CIL) aims to enable models to continuously learn new classes while overcoming catastrophic forgetting. The introduction of pre-trained models has brought new tuning paradigms to CIL. In this paper, we revisit…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Qinhao Zhou , Yuwen Tan , Boqing Gong , Xiang Xiang