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Reinforcement learning (RL) has enabled robust quadruped locomotion over complex terrain, but most learned controllers are trained offline with backpropagation in massively parallel simulation and deployed as fixed policies, limiting…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Zhuangyu Han , Abhronil Sengupta

Training reinforcement learning (RL) policies for legged robots remains challenging due to high-dimensional continuous actions, hardware constraints, and limited exploration. Existing methods for locomotion and whole-body control work well…

Reinforcement learning (RL) has become a foundational approach for enabling intelligent robotic behavior in dynamic and uncertain environments. This work presents an in-depth review of RL principles, advanced deep reinforcement learning…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Kumater Ter , Abolanle Adetifa , Daniel Udekwe

Most reinforcement-learning (RL) controllers used in continuous control are architecturally centralized: observations are compressed into a single latent state from which both value estimates and actions are produced. Biological control…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Anne E. Staples

We propose a novel hierarchical reinforcement learning framework for quadruped locomotion over challenging terrain. Our approach incorporates a two-layer hierarchy in which a high-level policy (HLP) selects optimal goals for a low-level…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Jeremiah Coholich , Muhammad Ali Murtaza , Seth Hutchinson , Zsolt Kira

Sim-to-real transfer of locomotion policies often leads to performance degradation due to the inevitable sim-to-real gap. Naively fine-tuning these policies directly on hardware is problematic, as it poses risks of mechanical failure and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Elham Daneshmand , Shafeef Omar , Glen Berseth , Majid Khadiv , Hsiu-Chin Lin

Robotic collaborative carrying could greatly benefit human activities like warehouse and construction site management. However, coordinating the simultaneous motion of multiple robots represents a significant challenge. Existing works…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Francesca Bray , Simone Tolomei , Andrei Cramariuc , Cesar Cadena , Marco Hutter

While reinforcement learning has been increasingly applied to stochastic control, few studies have systematically examined policy-based methods in queuing environments modeled as a semi-Markov decision process (SMDP). To address this gap,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-28 Joseph Walton , Gabriel Nicolosi

Rewards and punishments in different forms are pervasive and present in a wide variety of decision-making scenarios. By observing the outcome of a sufficient number of repeated trials, one would gradually learn the value and usefulness of a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-25 Nikki Lijing Kuang , Clement H. C. Leung

Despite recent remarkable achievements in quadruped control, it remains challenging to ensure robust and compliant locomotion in the presence of unforeseen external disturbances. Existing methods prioritize locomotion robustness over…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Xiang Zhou , Xinyu Zhang , Qingrui Zhang

We present a novel reinforcement learning method to train the quadruped robot in a simulated environment. The idea of controlling quadruped robots in a dynamic environment is quite challenging and my method presents the optimum policy and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Nabeel Ahmad Khan Jadoon , Mongkol Ekpanyapong

Recent developments in sequential experimental design look to construct a policy that can efficiently navigate the design space, in a way that maximises the expected information gain. Whilst there is work on achieving tractable policies for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Yasir Zubayr Barlas , Kizito Salako

Although deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has shown promising results for autonomous navigation in interactive traffic scenarios, existing work typically adopts a fixed behavior policy to control social vehicles in the training…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-07-20 Kanghoon Lee , Jiachen Li , David Isele , Jinkyoo Park , Kikuo Fujimura , Mykel J. Kochenderfer

Robotics policies are always subjected to complex, second order dynamics that entangle their actions with resulting states. In reinforcement learning (RL) contexts, policies have the burden of deciphering these complicated interactions over…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Karl Van Wyk , Ankur Handa , Viktor Makoviychuk , Yijie Guo , Arthur Allshire , Nathan D. Ratliff

Quadrotors are highly nonlinear dynamical systems that require carefully tuned controllers to be pushed to their physical limits. Recently, learning-based control policies have been proposed for quadrotors, as they would potentially allow…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-02-23 Elia Kaufmann , Leonard Bauersfeld , Davide Scaramuzza

There is a growing interest in learning a velocity command tracking controller of quadruped robot using reinforcement learning due to its robustness and scalability. However, a single policy, trained end-to-end, usually shows a single gait…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-12-10 Yunho Kim , Bukun Son , Dongjun Lee

Model-free reinforcement learning has recently been shown to be effective at learning navigation policies from complex image input. However, these algorithms tend to require large amounts of interaction with the environment, which can be…

Robotics · Computer Science 2018-07-17 Jake Bruce , Niko Sünderhauf , Piotr Mirowski , Raia Hadsell , Michael Milford

Controlling a non-statically bipedal robot is challenging due to the complex dynamics and multi-criterion optimization involved. Recent works have demonstrated the effectiveness of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) for simulation and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-12-23 Changxin Huang , Guangrun Wang , Zhibo Zhou , Ronghui Zhang , Liang Lin

Learning-based approaches, particularly reinforcement learning (RL), have become widely used for developing control policies for autonomous agents, such as locomotion policies for legged robots. RL training typically maximizes a predefined…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Dylan Khor , Bowen Weng

Legged locomotion is a challenging task for learning algorithms, especially when the task requires a diverse set of primitive behaviors. To solve these problems, we introduce a hierarchical framework to automatically decompose complex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-23 Deepali Jain , Atil Iscen , Ken Caluwaerts