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Sign languages are essential for the Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing (DHH) community. Sign language generation systems have the potential to support communication by translating from written languages, such as English, into signed videos. However,…

Phonetic representations are used when recording spoken languages, but no equivalent exists for recording signed languages. As a result, linguists have proposed several annotation systems that operate on the gloss or sub-unit level;…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Harry Walsh , Abolfazl Ravanshad , Mariam Rahmani , Richard Bowden

Signed languages are the primary means of communication for many deaf and hard of hearing individuals. Since signed languages exhibit all the fundamental linguistic properties of natural language, we believe that tools and theories of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-26 Kayo Yin , Amit Moryossef , Julie Hochgesang , Yoav Goldberg , Malihe Alikhani

Sign Language Production (SLP) is the process of converting the complex input text into a real video. Most previous works focused on the Text2Gloss, Gloss2Pose, Pose2Vid stages, and some concentrated on Prompt2Gloss and Text2Avatar stages.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Sen Fang , Yalin Feng , Hongbin Zhong , Yanxin Zhang , Dimitris N. Metaxas

Generating natural and linguistically accurate sign language avatars remains a formidable challenge. Current Sign Language Production (SLP) frameworks face a stark trade-off: direct text-to-pose models suffer from regression-to-the-mean…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Jianhe Low , Alexandre Symeonidis-Herzig , Maksym Ivashechkin , Ozge Mercanoglu Sincan , Richard Bowden

Sign Language Translation (SLT) aims to map sign language videos to spoken language text. A common approach relies on gloss annotations as an intermediate representation, decomposing SLT into two sub-tasks: video-to-gloss recognition and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Jianyuan Guo , Peike Li , Trevor Cohn

In recent years, deep learning techniques have been used to develop sign language recognition systems, potentially serving as a communication tool for millions of hearing-impaired individuals worldwide. However, there are inherent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-15 Alvaro Leandro Cavalcante Carneiro , Denis Henrique Pinheiro Salvadeo , Lucas de Brito Silva

Sign Language Production (SLP) aims to generate sign videos corresponding to spoken language sentences, where the conversion of sign Glosses to Poses (G2P) is the key step. Due to the cross-modal semantic gap and the lack of word-action…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Xu Wang , Shengeng Tang , Peipei Song , Shuo Wang , Dan Guo , Richang Hong

In recent years, sign language processing (SLP) has gained importance in the general field of Natural Language Processing. However, compared to research on spoken languages, SLP research is hindered by complex ad-hoc code, inadvertently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Gerard Sant , Zifan Jiang , Carlos Escolano , Amit Moryossef , Mathias Müller , Rico Sennrich , Sarah Ebling

Sign language production (SLP) aims to translate spoken language sentences into a sequence of pose frames in a sign language, bridging the communication gap and promoting digital inclusion for deaf and hard-of-hearing communities. Existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Liqian Feng , Lintao Wang , Kun Hu , Dehui Kong , Zhiyong Wang

Sign language machine translation (SLMT) -- the task of automatically translating between sign and spoken languages or between sign languages -- is a complex task within the field of NLP. Its multi-modal and non-linear nature require the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Lisa Lepp , Dimitar Shterionov , Mirella De Sisto , Grzegorz Chrupała

Large language models, with their strong reasoning ability and rich knowledge, have brought revolution to many tasks of AI, but their impact on sign language generation remains limited due to its complexity and unique rules. In this paper,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Zhaoyi An , Rei Kawakami

Sign Language Production (SLP) is a challenging task, given the limited resources available and the inherent diversity within sign data. As a result, previous works have suffered from the problem of regression to the mean, leading to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Harry Walsh , Ben Saunders , Richard Bowden

Sign language serves as the primary meaning of communication for the deaf-mute community. Different from spoken language, it commonly conveys information by the collaboration of manual features, i.e., hand gestures and body movements, and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-19 Wengang Zhou , Weichao Zhao , Hezhen Hu , Zecheng Li , Houqiang Li

Sign language is a visual language that encompasses all linguistic features of natural languages and serves as the primary communication method for the deaf and hard-of-hearing communities. Although many studies have successfully adapted…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Ronglai Zuo , Rolandos Alexandros Potamias , Evangelos Ververas , Jiankang Deng , Stefanos Zafeiriou

Sign Language Recognition (SLR) models face significant performance limitations due to insufficient training data availability. In this article, we address the challenge of limited data in SLR by introducing a novel and lightweight sign…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Gaston Gustavo Rios , Pedro Dal Bianco , Franco Ronchetti , Facundo Quiroga , Oscar Stanchi , Santiago Ponte Ahón , Waldo Hasperué

Sign languages are multi-channel languages that communicate information through not just the hands (manual signals) but also facial expressions and upper body movements (non-manual signals). However, since automatic sign language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Jung-Ho Kim , Mathew Huerta-Enochian , Changyong Ko , Du Hui Lee

Sign Language Video Generation (SLVG) seeks to generate identity-preserving sign language videos from spoken language texts. Existing methods primarily rely on the single coarse condition (\eg, skeleton sequences) as the intermediary to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Cong Wang , Zexuan Deng , Zhiwei Jiang , Yafeng Yin , Fei Shen , Zifeng Cheng , Shiping Ge , Shiwei Gan , Qing Gu

Given an arbitrary face image and an arbitrary speech clip, the proposed work attempts to generating the talking face video with accurate lip synchronization while maintaining smooth transition of both lip and facial movement over the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-07-29 Yang Song , Jingwen Zhu , Dawei Li , Xiaolong Wang , Hairong Qi

Earlier Sign Language Production (SLP) models typically relied on autoregressive methods that generate output tokens one by one, which inherently provide temporal alignment. Although techniques like Teacher Forcing can prevent model…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Maoxiao Ye , Xinfeng Ye , Mano Manoharan