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The main challenge of quantum computing on its way to scalability is the erroneous behaviour of current devices. Understanding and predicting their impact on computations is essential to counteract these errors with methods such as quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-16 Tom Weber , Kerstin Borras , Karl Jansen , Dirk Krücker , Matthias Riebisch

We present a framework that utilizes quantum algorithms, an architecture aware quantum noise model and an ideal simulator to benchmark quantum computers. The benchmark metrics highlight the difference between the quantum computer evolution…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-20 Konstantinos Georgopoulos , Clive Emary , Paolo Zuliani

Classical simulations of noisy quantum circuits are instrumental to our understanding of the behavior of real-world quantum systems and the identification of regimes where one expects quantum advantage. In this work, we present a highly…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-17 Simon Cichy , Paul K. Faehrmann , Lennart Bittel , Jens Eisert , Hakop Pashayan

One of the core research questions in the theory of quantum computing is to find out to what precise extent the classical simulation of a noisy quantum circuits is possible and where potential quantum advantages can set in. In this work, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-09 Janek Denzler , Jose Carrasco , Jens Eisert , Tommaso Guaita

Magic states are essential for universal quantum computation and are widely viewed as a key source of quantum advantage, yet in realistic devices they are inevitably noisy. In this work, we characterize how noise on injected magic resources…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-21 Jiwon Heo , Sojeong Park , Changhun Oh

Quantum processors are now able to run quantum circuits that are infeasible to simulate classically, creating a need for benchmarks that assess a quantum processor's rate of errors when running these circuits. Here, we introduce a general…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-29 Jordan Hines , Timothy Proctor

Classical verification of quantum learning allows classical clients to reliably leverage quantum computing advantages by interacting with untrusted quantum servers. Yet, current quantum devices available in practice suffers from a variety…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-15 Yinghao Ma , Jiaxi Su , Dong-Ling Deng

The number of measurements demanded by hybrid quantum-classical algorithms such as the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) is prohibitively high for many problems of practical value. For such problems, realizing quantum advantage will…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-24 Guoming Wang , Dax Enshan Koh , Peter D. Johnson , Yudong Cao

Giving a convincing experimental evidence of the quantum supremacy over classical simulations is a challenging goal. Noise is considered to be the main problem in such a demonstration, hence it is urgent to understand the effect of noise.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-08 Valery Shchesnovich

Access to quantum computing is steadily increasing each year as the speed advantage of quantum computers solidifies with the growing number of usable qubits. However, the inherent noise encountered when running these systems can lead to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-24 Jon Gardeazabal-Gutierrez , Erik B. Terres-Escudero , Pablo García Bringas

Quantum systems, in general, output data that cannot be simulated efficiently by a classical computer, and hence is useful for solving certain mathematical problems and simulating quantum many-body systems. This also implies, unfortunately,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-10-04 Keisuke Fujii , Masahito Hayashi

Benchmarking is how the performance of a computing system is determined. Surprisingly, even for classical computers this is not a straightforward process. One must choose the appropriate benchmark and metrics to extract meaningful results.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-05-07 Salonik Resch , Ulya R. Karpuzcu

We investigate the amount of noise required to turn a universal quantum gate set into one that can be efficiently modelled classically. This question is useful for providing upper bounds on fault tolerant thresholds, and for understanding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 S. Virmani , Susana F. Huelga , Martin B. Plenio

In the Quantum Supremacy regime, quantum computers may overcome classical machines on several tasks if we can estimate, mitigate, or correct unavoidable hardware noise. Estimating the error requires classical simulations, which become…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-10 Nicolo Colombo

The speed-up provided by quantum algorithms with respect to their classical counterparts is at the origin of scientific interest in quantum computation. However, the fundamental reasons for such a speed-up are not yet completely understood…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 C. Di Franco , M. Paternostro , M. S. Kim

Noise and imperfections are among the prevalent challenges in quantum software engineering for current NISQ systems. They will remain important in the post-NISQ area, as logical, error-corrected qubits will be based on software mechanisms.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-17 Stefan Raimund Maschek , Jürgen Schwitalla , Maja Franz , Wolfgang Mauerer

Benchmarking models via classical simulations is one of the main ways to judge ideas in quantum machine learning before noise-free hardware is available. However, the huge impact of the experimental design on the results, the small scales…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-15 Joseph Bowles , Shahnawaz Ahmed , Maria Schuld

The effects of noise are one of the most important factors to consider when it comes to quantum computing in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum computing (NISQ) era that we are currently in. Therefore, it is important not only to gain…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-07 T. Piskor , M. Schöndorf , M. Bauer , D. Smith , T. Ayral , S. Pogorzalek , A. Auer , M. Papič

We provide a polynomial-time classical algorithm for noisy quantum circuits. The algorithm computes the expectation value of any observable for any circuit, with a small average error over input states drawn from an ensemble (e.g. the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-15 Thomas Schuster , Chao Yin , Xun Gao , Norman Y. Yao

Due to the unreliability and limited capacity of existing quantum computer prototypes, quantum circuit simulation continues to be a vital tool for validating next generation quantum computers and for studying variational quantum algorithms,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-01 Yipeng Huang , Steven Holtzen , Todd Millstein , Guy Van den Broeck , Margaret Martonosi
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