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Recent research has demonstrated that feature attribution methods for deep networks can themselves be incorporated into training; these attribution priors optimize for a model whose attributions have certain desirable properties -- most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-12 Gabriel Erion , Joseph D. Janizek , Pascal Sturmfels , Scott Lundberg , Su-In Lee

Most evaluations of attribution methods focus on the English language. In this work, we present a multilingual approach for evaluating attribution methods for the Natural Language Inference (NLI) task in terms of faithfulness and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Kerem Zaman , Yonatan Belinkov

Trajectory-based data attribution methods estimate the influence of training samples on model predictions by unrolling the training trajectory. They are widely used in applications such as data selection, data valuation, and model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Junwei Deng , Pingbang Hu , Suliang Jin , Hao Lu , Jiachen T. Wang , Shichang Zhang , Jiaqi W. Ma

In the current Large Language Model (LLM) ecosystem, creators have little agency over how their data is used, and LLM users may find themselves unknowingly plagiarizing existing sources. Attribution of LLM-generated text to LLM input data…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Amelie Wührl , Mattes Ruckdeschel , Kyle Lo , Anna Rogers

Interpreting the decisions of complex computer vision models is crucial to establish trust and accountability, especially in safety-critical domains. An established approach to interpretability is generating visual attribution maps that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-08 David Schinagl , Christian Fruhwirth-Reisinger , Alexander Prutsch , Samuel Schulter , Horst Possegger

This work explores the novel idea of learning a submodular scoring function to improve the specificity/selectivity of existing feature attribution methods. Submodular scores are natural for attribution as they are known to accurately model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-23 Piyushi Manupriya , Tarun Ram Menta , J. Saketha Nath , Vineeth N Balasubramanian

Data attribution methods quantify the influence of training data on model outputs and are becoming increasingly relevant for a wide range of LLM research and applications, including dataset curation, model interpretability, data valuation.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Cathy Jiao , Yijun Pan , Emily Xiao , Daisy Sheng , Niket Jain , Hanzhang Zhao , Ishita Dasgupta , Jiaqi W. Ma , Chenyan Xiong

Despite a sea of interpretability methods that can produce plausible explanations, the field has also empirically seen many failure cases of such methods. In light of these results, it remains unclear for practitioners how to use these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Blair Bilodeau , Natasha Jaques , Pang Wei Koh , Been Kim

Attribution methods are among the most prevalent techniques in Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) and are usually evaluated and compared using Fidelity metrics, with Insertion and Deletion being the most popular. These metrics rely…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Agustin Martin Picard , Thibaut Boissin , Varshini Subhash , Rémi Cadène , Thomas Fel

As Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly applied to document-based tasks - such as document summarization, question answering, and information extraction - where user requirements focus on retrieving information from provided…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Vipula Rawte , Ryan A. Rossi , Franck Dernoncourt , Nedim Lipka

Attribution methods provide insights into the decision-making of machine learning models like artificial neural networks. For a given input sample, they assign a relevance score to each individual input variable, such as the pixels of an…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-05-26 Karl Schulz , Leon Sixt , Federico Tombari , Tim Landgraf

To better understand the output of deep neural networks (DNN), attribution based methods have been an important approach for model interpretability, which assign a score for each input dimension to indicate its importance towards the model…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-22 Zhiyu Zhu , Huaming Chen , Jiayu Zhang , Xinyi Wang , Zhibo Jin , Minhui Xue , Dongxiao Zhu , Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo

There has been a recent push in making machine learning models more interpretable so that their performance can be trusted. Although successful, these methods have mostly focused on the deep learning methods while the fundamental…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-16 David Steinmann , Matej Zečević , Devendra Singh Dhami , Kristian Kersting

Deep neural networks are often considered opaque systems, prompting the need for explainability methods to improve trust and accountability. Existing approaches typically attribute test-time predictions either to input features (e.g.,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Aziz Bacha , Thomas George

By now there is substantial evidence that deep learning models learn certain human-interpretable features as part of their internal representations of data. As having the right (or wrong) concepts is critical to trustworthy machine learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Nicholas Konz , Charles Godfrey , Madelyn Shapiro , Jonathan Tu , Henry Kvinge , Davis Brown

Understanding the flow of information in Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) is a challenging problem that has gain increasing attention over the last few years. While several methods have been proposed to explain network predictions, there have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-03-08 Marco Ancona , Enea Ceolini , Cengiz Öztireli , Markus Gross

Numerous works propose post-hoc, model-agnostic explanations for learning to rank, focusing on ordering entities by their relevance to a query through feature attribution methods. However, these attributions often weakly correlate or…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Tanya Chowdhury , Yair Zick , James Allan

Feature attribution methods help make machine learning-based inference explainable by determining how much one or several features have contributed to a model's output. A particularly popular attribution method is based on the Shapley value…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Filip Naudot , Tobias Sundqvist , Timotheus Kampik

Feature attribution methods attempt to explain neural network predictions by identifying relevant features. However, establishing a cohesive framework for assessing feature attribution remains a challenge. There are several views through…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Yawei Li , Yang Zhang , Kenji Kawaguchi , Ashkan Khakzar , Bernd Bischl , Mina Rezaei

A recent focus of large language model (LLM) development, as exemplified by generative search engines, is to incorporate external references to generate and support its claims. However, evaluating the attribution, i.e., verifying whether…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Xiang Yue , Boshi Wang , Ziru Chen , Kai Zhang , Yu Su , Huan Sun