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This systematic literature review investigates perceptions, concerns, and expectations of young digital citizens regarding privacy in artificial intelligence (AI) systems, focusing on social media platforms, educational technology, gaming…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Ajay Kumar Shrestha , Ankur Barthwal , Molly Campbell , Austin Shouli , Saad Syed , Sandhya Joshi , Julita Vassileva

With the increasing concerns around privacy and the enforcement of data privacy laws, many websites now provide users with privacy controls. However, locating these controls can be challenging, as they are frequently hidden within multiple…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Rahat Masood , Sunday Oyinlola Ogundoyin , Muhammad Ikram , Alex Ye

Researchers have extensively explored how password creation policies influence the security and usability of user-chosen passwords, producing evidence-based policy guidelines. However, for web authentication to improve in practice, websites…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-08 Suood Alroomi , Frank Li

Privacy policies help inform people about organisations' personal data processing practices, covering different aspects such as data collection, data storage, and sharing of personal data with third parties. Privacy policies are often…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Haiyue Yuan , Nikolay Matyunin , Ali Raza , Shujun Li

Collecting personally identifiable information (PII) on data subjects has become big business. Data brokers and data processors are part of a multi-billion-dollar industry that profits from collecting, buying, and selling consumer data. Yet…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-20 Juniper Lovato , Philip Mueller , Parisa Suchdev , Peter S. Dodds

This article provides a quantitative analysis of privacy-compromising mechanisms on 1 million popular websites. Findings indicate that nearly 9 in 10 websites leak user data to parties of which the user is likely unaware; more than 6 in 10…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2015-11-03 Timothy Libert

Privacy Policies are the legal documents that describe the practices that an organization or company has adopted in the handling of the personal data of its users. But as policies are a legal document, they are often written in extensive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-25 Ayesha Qamar , Tehreem Javed , Mirza Omer Beg

Privacy concerns have long been expressed around smart devices, and the concerns around Android apps have been studied by many past works. Over the past 10 years, we have crawled and scraped data for almost 1.9 million apps, and also stored…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-30 Alexander Yu , Yuvraj Agarwal , Jason I. Hong

With the arrival of the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), several companies are making significant changes to their systems to achieve compliance. The changes range from modifying privacy policies to redesigning…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-07-01 Jayashree Mohan , Melissa Wasserman , Vijay Chidambaram

While many online services provide privacy policies for end users to read and understand what personal data are being collected, these documents are often lengthy and complicated. As a result, the vast majority of users do not read them at…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Bhanuka Silva , Dishanika Denipitiyage , Suranga Seneviratne , Anirban Mahanti , Aruna Seneviratne

The growing use of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly Large Language Models (LLMs) like OpenAI's GPT series, leads to disruptive changes across organizations. At the same time, there is a growing concern about…

Privacy policies are crucial for informing users about data practices, yet their length and complexity often deter users from reading them. In this paper, we propose an automated approach to identify and visualize data practices within…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Mukund Srinath , Pranav Venkit , Maria Badillo , Florian Schaub , C. Lee Giles , Shomir Wilson

Auditing differential privacy has emerged as an important area of research that supports the design of privacy-preserving mechanisms. Privacy audits help to obtain empirical estimates of the privacy parameter, to expose flawed…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Önder Askin , Tim Kutta , Holger Dette

Machine learning based classifiers that take a privacy policy as the input and predict relevant concepts are useful in different applications such as (semi-)automated compliance analysis against requirements of the EU GDPR. In all past…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Peng Tang , Xin Li , Yuxin Chen , Weidong Qiu , Haochen Mei , Allison Holmes , Fenghua Li , Shujun Li

With the increasing awareness and concerns around privacy, many service providers offer their users various privacy controls. Through these controls, users gain greater authority over the collection, utilisation, and dissemination of their…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Ravin Gunawardena , Yuemeng Yin , Yi Huang , Rahat Masood , Suranga Seneviratne , Imran Razzak , Nguyen Tran , Aruna Seneviratne

Modern websites frequently use and embed third-party services to facilitate web development, connect to social media, or for monetization. This often introduces privacy issues as the inclusion of third-party services on a website can allow…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-10-05 Christine Utz , Sabrina Amft , Martin Degeling , Thorsten Holz , Sascha Fahl , Florian Schaub

Targeted advertising has transformed the marketing landscape for a wide variety of businesses, by creating new opportunities for advertisers to reach prospective customers by delivering personalised ads, using an infrastructure of a number…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-06-22 Imdad Ullah , Roksana Boreli , Salil S. Kanhere

Privacy policies are crucial in the online ecosystem, defining how services handle user data and adhere to regulations such as GDPR and CCPA. However, their complexity and frequent updates often make them difficult for stakeholders to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Ashish Hooda , Rishabh Khandelwal , Prasad Chalasani , Kassem Fawaz , Somesh Jha

Protecting online privacy requires users to engage with and comprehend website privacy policies, but many policies are difficult and tedious to read. We present the first qualitative user study on Large Language Model (LLM)-driven privacy…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Vincent Freiberger , Arthur Fleig , Erik Buchmann

The explosive growth of machine learning has made it a critical infrastructure in the era of artificial intelligence. The extensive use of data poses a significant threat to individual privacy. Various countries have implemented…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Hengzhu Liu , Ping Xiong , Tianqing Zhu , Philip S. Yu