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The automated analysis of medical images is currently limited by technical and biological noise and bias. The same source tissue can be represented by vastly different images if the image acquisition or processing protocols vary. For an…

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) has transformed clinical pathology by enabling the visualization of specific proteins within tissue sections. However, traditional IHC requires one tissue section per stain, exhibits section-to-section…

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is the dominant framework for whole-slide image analysis in computational pathology, typically combining a frozen patch encoder, a projection layer, and a slide-level aggregator. While encoders and…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2026-05-19 Yucheng Xing , Pei Liu , Jingying Ma , Ruping Hong , Jiangdong Qiu , Tianyu Liu , Kai He , Ling Huang , Mengling Feng

In recent years, histopathology images have been increasingly used as a diagnostic tool in the medical field. The process of accurately diagnosing a biopsy sample requires significant expertise in the field, and as such can be…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-09-24 Alison K. Cheeseman , Hamid Tizhoosh , Edward R. Vrscay

Melanoma is an aggressive form of skin cancer with rapid progression and high metastatic potential. Accurate characterisation of tissue morphology in melanoma is crucial for prognosis and treatment planning. However, manual segmentation of…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-21 Jiaqi Lv , Yijie Zhu , Carmen Guadalupe Colin Tenorio , Brinder Singh Chohan , Mark Eastwood , Shan E Ahmed Raza

Significance: Histopathological analysis of tissues is an essential tool for grading, staging, diagnosing and resecting cancers and other malignancies. Current histopathological techniques require substantial sample processing prior to…

Medical Physics · Physics 2021-07-14 Benjamin Ecclestone , Deepak Dinakaran , Parsin Haji Reza

Generalization is one of the main challenges of computational pathology. Slide preparation heterogeneity and the diversity of scanners lead to poor model performance when used on data from medical centers not seen during training. In order…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-09 Nicolas Nerrienet , Rémy Peyret , Marie Sockeel , Stéphane Sockeel

Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) allow on-the-fly in vivo intraoperative imaging in a discreet field of view, especially for brain tumors, rather than extracting tissue for examination ex vivo with conventional light microscopy.…

Understanding the way cells communicate, co-locate, and interrelate is essential to furthering our understanding of how the body functions. H&E is widely available, however, cell subtyping often requires expert knowledge and the use of…

Computational analysis of multiplexed immunofluorescence histology data is emerging as an important method for understanding the tumour micro-environment in cancer. This work presents HEMIT, a dataset designed for translating Hematoxylin…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-30 Chang Bian , Beth Philips , Tim Cootes , Martin Fergie

Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) can be used as an important tool to aid and enhance pathologists' diagnostic decision-making. Deep learning techniques, such as convolutional neural networks (CNN) and fully convolutional networks (FCN), have…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-21 Dalí F. D. dos Santos , Paulo R. de Faria , Adriano M. Loyola , Sérgio V. Cardoso , Bruno A. N. Travençolo , Marcelo Z. do Nascimento

Hematoxylin and Eosin stained histopathology image analysis is essential for the diagnosis and study of complicated diseases such as cancer. Existing state-of-the-art approaches demand extensive amount of supervised training data from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-12-15 Le Hou , Ayush Agarwal , Dimitris Samaras , Tahsin M. Kurc , Rajarsi R. Gupta , Joel H. Saltz

Breast cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer-related death in women worldwide. Early and accurate diagnosis of breast cancer may significantly increase the survival rate of patients. In this study, we aim to develop a fully…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-09-27 Sara Hosseinzadeh Kassani , Peyman Hosseinzadeh Kassani , Michal J. Wesolowski , Kevin A. Schneider , Ralph Deters

Traditional staining normalization approaches, e.g. Macenko, typically rely on the choice of a single representative reference image, which may not adequately account for the diverse staining patterns of datasets collected in practical…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-11 Desislav Ivanov , Carlo Alberto Barbano , Marco Grangetto

Photon Absorption Remote Sensing (PARS) enables label-free imaging of subcellular morphology by observing biomolecule specific absorption interactions. Coupled with deep-learning, PARS produces label-free virtual Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E)…

While human observers are able to cope with variations in color and appearance of histological stains, digital pathology algorithms commonly require a well-normalized setting to achieve peak performance, especially when a limited amount of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-08-15 Daniel Bug , Steffen Schneider , Anne Grote , Eva Oswald , Friedrich Feuerhake , Julia Schüler , Dorit Merhof

Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining is the cornerstone of histopathology but lacks molecular specificity. While Immunohistochemistry (IHC) provides molecular insights, it is costly and complex, motivating H&E-to-IHC translation as a…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-22 Erik Großkopf , Valay Bundele , Mehran Hosseinzadeh , Hendrik P. A. Lensch

Blood vessels (BVs) play a critical role in the Tumor Micro-Environment (TME), potentially influencing cancer progression and treatment response. However, manually quantifying BVs in Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stained images is challenging…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-27 Jiaqi Lv , Stefan S Antonowicz , Shan E Ahmed Raza

Tumor spatial heterogeneity analysis requires precise correlation between Hematoxylin and Eosin H&E morphology and immunohistochemical (IHC) biomarker expression, yet current methods suffer from spatial misalignment in consecutive sections,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Yizhe Yuan , Bingsen Xue , Bangzheng Pu , Chengxiang Wang , Cheng Jin

H&E-to-IHC stain translation techniques offer a promising solution for precise cancer diagnosis, especially in low-resource regions where there is a shortage of health professionals and limited access to expensive equipment. Considering the…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-04 Song Wang , Zhong Zhang , Huan Yan , Ming Xu , Guanghui Wang