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Suppose one is interested in estimating causal effects in the presence of potentially unmeasured confounding with the aid of a valid instrumental variable. This paper investigates the problem of making inferences about the average treatment…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-12-15 BaoLuo Sun , Wang Miao

Quantile regression is useful for characterizing the conditional distribution of a response variable and understanding heterogeneity in the covariate effects at different quantiles. The rise of high-dimensional physiological data in…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-25 Yuanzhen Yue , Stella Self , Yichao Wu , Jiajia Zhang , Rahul Ghosal

The propensity score analysis is one of the most widely used methods for studying the causal treatment effect in observational studies. This paper studies treatment effect estimation with the method of matching weights. This method…

Methodology · Statistics 2011-05-17 Liang Li

Matching and weighting methods for observational studies involve the choice of an estimand, the causal effect with reference to a specific target population. Commonly used estimands include the average treatment effect in the treated (ATT),…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-07-12 Noah Greifer , Elizabeth A. Stuart

High-dimensional data can be useful for causal inference by providing many confounders that may bolster the plausibility of the ignorability assumption. Propensity score methods are powerful tools for causal inference, are popular in health…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-10-10 Jacob Spertus , Sharon-Lise Normand

Functional data is a powerful tool for capturing and analyzing complex patterns and relationships in a variety of fields, allowing for more precise modeling, visualization, and decision-making. For example, in healthcare, functional data…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-04-26 Xiyuan Gao , Jiayi Wang , Guanyu Hu , Jianguo Sun

Functional data are increasingly prevalent in biomedical research. While functional data analysis has been established for decades, causal inference with functional treatments remains largely unexplored. Existing methods typically focus on…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-11 Ziren Jiang , Erjia Cui , Jared D. Huling

Uncertainty quantification of causal effects is crucial for safety-critical applications such as personalized medicine. A powerful approach for this is conformal prediction, which has several practical benefits due to model-agnostic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Maresa Schröder , Dennis Frauen , Jonas Schweisthal , Konstantin Heß , Valentyn Melnychuk , Stefan Feuerriegel

Causal inference is capable of estimating the treatment effect (i.e., the causal effect of treatment on the outcome) to benefit the decision making in various domains. One fundamental challenge in this research is that the treatment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Qian Li , Zhichao Wang , Shaowu Liu , Gang Li , Guandong Xu

Inferring causal effects of continuous-valued treatments from observational data is a crucial task promising to better inform policy- and decision-makers. A critical assumption needed to identify these effects is that all confounding…

Compositional data (i.e., data comprising random variables that sum up to a constant) arises in many applications including microbiome studies, chemical ecology, political science, and experimental designs. Yet when compositional data serve…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-01-03 Ritwik Bhaduri , Siyuan Ma , Lucas Janson

Propensity scores are commonly used to estimate treatment effects from observational data. We argue that the probabilistic output of a learned propensity score model should be calibrated -- i.e., a predictive treatment probability of 90%…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-06-06 Shachi Deshpande , Volodymyr Kuleshov

Although propensity scores have been central to the estimation of causal effects for over 30 years, only recently has the statistical literature begun to consider in detail methods for Bayesian estimation of propensity scores and causal…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-04-09 Corwin M. Zigler

At the heart of causal structure learning from observational data lies a deceivingly simple question: given two statistically dependent random variables, which one has a causal effect on the other? This is impossible to answer using…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Nikolaos Nikolaou , Konstantinos Sechidis

A further understanding of cause and effect within observational data is critical across many domains, such as economics, health care, public policy, web mining, online advertising, and marketing campaigns. Although significant advances…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Zhixuan Chu , Sheng Li

This paper develops an empirical balancing approach for the estimation of treatment effects under two-sided noncompliance using a binary conditionally independent instrumental variable. The method weighs both treatment and outcome…

Econometrics · Economics 2020-07-10 Phillip Heiler

A key to causal inference with observational data is achieving balance in predictive features associated with each treatment type. Recent literature has explored representation learning to achieve this goal. In this work, we discuss the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-02-25 Serge Assaad , Shuxi Zeng , Chenyang Tao , Shounak Datta , Nikhil Mehta , Ricardo Henao , Fan Li , Lawrence Carin

Causal mediation analysis is widely utilized to separate the causal effect of treatment into its direct effect on the outcome and its indirect effect through an intermediate variable (the mediator). In this study we introduce a functional…

Applications · Statistics 2018-05-21 Yi Zhao , Xi Luo , Martin Lindquist , Brian Caffo

In observational studies, propensity scores are commonly estimated by maxi- mum likelihood but may fail to balance high-dimensional pre-treatment covariates even after specification search. We introduce a general framework that unifies and…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-03-22 Qingyuan Zhao

Statistical analysis of high-dimensional functional times series arises in various applications. Under this scenario, in addition to the intrinsic infinite-dimensionality of functional data, the number of functional variables can grow with…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-01-14 Qin Fang , Shaojun Guo , Xinghao Qiao