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Deep classifier neural networks enter the terminal phase of training (TPT) when training error reaches zero and tend to exhibit intriguing Neural Collapse (NC) properties. Neural collapse essentially represents a state at which the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-12 Vignesh Kothapalli

Neural collapse is a phenomenon observed during the terminal phase of neural network training, characterized by the convergence of network activations, class means, and linear classifier weights to a simplex equiangular tight frame (ETF), a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Emily Liu

Neural Collapse (NC) is a well-known phenomenon of deep neural networks in the terminal phase of training (TPT). It is characterized by the collapse of features and classifier into a symmetrical structure, known as simplex equiangular tight…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Peifeng Gao , Qianqian Xu , Yibo Yang , Peisong Wen , Huiyang Shao , Zhiyong Yang , Bernard Ghanem , Qingming Huang

Neural Collapse (NC) is a recently observed phenomenon in neural networks that characterises the solution space of the final classifier layer when trained until zero training loss. Specifically, NC suggests that the final classifier layer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Evan Markou , Thalaiyasingam Ajanthan , Stephen Gould

The current paradigm of training deep neural networks for classification tasks includes minimizing the empirical risk that pushes the training loss value towards zero, even after the training error has been vanished. In this terminal phase…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Hien Dang , Tho Tran , Tan Nguyen , Nhat Ho

Modern deep neural networks for classification usually jointly learn a backbone for representation and a linear classifier to output the logit of each class. A recent study has shown a phenomenon called neural collapse that the within-class…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-13 Yibo Yang , Shixiang Chen , Xiangtai Li , Liang Xie , Zhouchen Lin , Dacheng Tao

The recently discovered Neural Collapse (NC) phenomenon occurs pervasively in today's deep net training paradigm of driving cross-entropy (CE) loss towards zero. During NC, last-layer features collapse to their class-means, both classifiers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-11 X. Y. Han , Vardan Papyan , David L. Donoho

Training deep neural networks for classification often includes minimizing the training loss beyond the zero training error point. In this phase of training, a "neural collapse" behavior has been observed: the variability of features…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Tom Tirer , Haoxiang Huang , Jonathan Niles-Weed

Recent advances in theoretical Deep Learning have introduced geometric properties that occur during training, past the Interpolation Threshold -- where the training error reaches zero. We inquire into the phenomena coined Neural Collapse in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-14 Ido Ben-Shaul , Shai Dekel

Modern deep neural networks have achieved impressive performance on tasks from image classification to natural language processing. Surprisingly, these complex systems with massive amounts of parameters exhibit the same structural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Hien Dang , Tho Tran , Stanley Osher , Hung Tran-The , Nhat Ho , Tan Nguyen

The empirical emergence of neural collapse -- a surprising symmetry in the feature representations of the training data in the penultimate layer of deep neural networks -- has spurred a line of theoretical research aimed at its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Peter Súkeník , Christoph H. Lampert , Marco Mondelli

There is a recently discovered and intriguing phenomenon called Neural Collapse: at the terminal phase of training a deep neural network for classification, the within-class penultimate feature means and the associated classifier vectors of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Tong Liang , Jim Davis

We provide the first global optimization landscape analysis of $Neural\;Collapse$ -- an intriguing empirical phenomenon that arises in the last-layer classifiers and features of neural networks during the terminal phase of training. As…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-07 Zhihui Zhu , Tianyu Ding , Jinxin Zhou , Xiao Li , Chong You , Jeremias Sulam , Qing Qu

The recent work of Papyan, Han, & Donoho (2020) presented an intriguing "Neural Collapse" phenomenon, showing a structural property of interpolating classifiers in the late stage of training. This opened a rich area of exploration studying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-18 Like Hui , Mikhail Belkin , Preetum Nakkiran

Meta-learning frameworks for few-shot learning aims to learn models that can learn new skills or adapt to new environments rapidly with a few training examples. This has led to the generalizability of the developed model towards new classes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Saaketh Medepalli , Naren Doraiswamy

Neural Collapse (NC) gives a precise description of the representations of classes in the final hidden layer of classification neural networks. This description provides insights into how these networks learn features and generalize well…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Liam Parker , Emre Onal , Anton Stengel , Jake Intrater

Neural collapse (NC) -- the convergence of penultimate-layer features to a simplex equiangular tight frame -- is well understood at equilibrium, but the dynamics governing its onset remain poorly characterised. We identify a simple and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Anamika Paul Rupa

Recent studies have noted an intriguing phenomenon termed Neural Collapse, that is, when the neural networks establish the right correlation between feature spaces and the training targets, their last-layer features, together with the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Yining Wang , Junjie Sun , Chenyue Wang , Mi Zhang , Min Yang

Neural Collapse is a phenomenon that helps identify sparse and low rank structures in deep classifiers. Recent work has extended the definition of neural collapse to regression problems, albeit only measuring the phenomenon at the last…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Akshay Rangamani , Altay Unal

The recently discovered Neural collapse (NC) phenomenon states that the last-layer weights of Deep Neural Networks (DNN), converge to the so-called Equiangular Tight Frame (ETF) simplex, at the terminal phase of their training. This ETF…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-01 Hafiz Tiomoko Ali , Umberto Michieli , Ji Joong Moon , Daehyun Kim , Mete Ozay
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