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Multi-Object Tracking (MOT) has been notoriously difficult to evaluate. Previous metrics overemphasize the importance of either detection or association. To address this, we present a novel MOT evaluation metric, HOTA (Higher Order Tracking…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-10-09 Jonathon Luiten , Aljosa Osep , Patrick Dendorfer , Philip Torr , Andreas Geiger , Laura Leal-Taixe , Bastian Leibe

Tracking 3D objects is an important task in autonomous driving. Classical Kalman Filtering based methods are still the most popular solutions. However, these methods require handcrafted designs in motion modeling and can not benefit from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Lubing Zhou , Xiaoli Meng , Yiluan Guo , Jiong Yang

Tracking 3D objects accurately and consistently is crucial for autonomous vehicles, enabling more reliable downstream tasks such as trajectory prediction and motion planning. Based on the substantial progress in object detection in recent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-15 Shuxiao Ding , Eike Rehder , Lukas Schneider , Marius Cordts , Juergen Gall

3D multi-object tracking is a key module in autonomous driving applications that provides a reliable dynamic representation of the world to the planning module. In this paper, we present our on-line tracking method, which made the first…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-01-17 Hsu-kuang Chiu , Antonio Prioletti , Jie Li , Jeannette Bohg

The recent trend in 2D multiple object tracking (MOT) is jointly solving detection and tracking, where object detection and appearance feature (or motion) are learned simultaneously. Despite competitive performance, in crowded scenes, joint…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Weihong Ren , Denglu Wu , Hui Cao , Xi'ai Chen , Zhi Han , Honghai Liu

3D multiple object tracking (MOT) plays a crucial role in autonomous driving perception. Recent end-to-end query-based trackers simultaneously detect and track objects, which have shown promising potential for the 3D MOT task. However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Tao Tang , Lijun Zhou , Pengkun Hao , Zihang He , Kalok Ho , Shuo Gu , Zhihui Hao , Haiyang Sun , Kun Zhan , Peng Jia , XianPeng Lang , Xiaodan Liang

3D Single Object Tracking (SOT) stands a forefront task of computer vision, proving essential for applications like autonomous driving. Sparse and occluded data in scene point clouds introduce variations in the appearance of tracked…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Jiaming Liu , Yue Wu , Maoguo Gong , Qiguang Miao , Wenping Ma , Can Qin

Multi-object tracking (MOT) is a fundamental task in computer vision with critical applications in autonomous driving and robotics. Multimodal MOT that integrates visible light and thermal infrared information is particularly essential for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Weiran Li , Yeqiang Liu , Yijie Wei , Mina Han , Qiannan Guo , Zhenbo Li

Deploying autonomous robots in crowded indoor environments usually requires them to have accurate dynamic obstacle perception. Although plenty of previous works in the autonomous driving field have investigated the 3D object detection…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Zhefan Xu , Xiaoyang Zhan , Yumeng Xiu , Christopher Suzuki , Kenji Shimada

Image-based 3D object detection is an inevitable part of autonomous driving because cheap onboard cameras are already available in most modern cars. Because of the accurate depth information, currently, most state-of-the-art 3D object…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Hendrik Königshof , Kun Li , Christoph Stiller

3D multi-object tracking (MOT) is essential for an autonomous mobile agent to safely navigate a scene. In order to maximize the perception capabilities of the autonomous agent, we aim to develop a 3D MOT framework that fuses camera and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Tara Sadjadpour , Rares Ambrus , Jeannette Bohg

In recent times, the scope of LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) sensor-based technology has spread across numerous fields. It is popularly used to map terrain and navigation information into reliable 3D point cloud data, potentially…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-15 Aakash Kumar , Jyoti Kini , Mubarak Shah , Ajmal Mian

Modern multi-object tracking (MOT) systems usually model the trajectories by associating per-frame detections. However, when camera motion, fast motion, and occlusion challenges occur, it is difficult to ensure long-range tracking or even…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-09-21 Shoudong Han , Piao Huang , Hongwei Wang , En Yu , Donghaisheng Liu , Xiaofeng Pan , Jun Zhao

LiDAR-based 3D single object tracking (3D SOT) is a critical task in robotics and autonomous systems. Existing methods typically follow frame-wise motion estimation or a sequence-based paradigm. However, the two-frame methods are efficient…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 BaiChen Fan , Yuanxi Cui , Jian Li , Qin Wang , Shibo Zhao , Muqing Cao , Sifan Zhou

In the current demand for automation in the agro-food industry, accurately detecting and localizing relevant objects in 3D is essential for successful robotic operations. However, this is a challenge due the presence of occlusions.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-12-19 David Rapado-Rincon , Henk Nap , Katarina Smolenova , Eldert J. van Henten , Gert Kootstra

This technical report presents the online and real-time 2D and 3D multi-object tracking (MOT) algorithms that reached the 1st places on both Waymo Open Dataset 2D tracking and 3D tracking challenges. An efficient and pragmatic online…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-06-30 Yu Wang , Sijia Chen , Li Huang , Runzhou Ge , Yihan Hu , Zhuangzhuang Ding , Jie Liao

Multi-object tracking (MOT) enables autonomous vehicles to continuously perceive dynamic objects, supplying essential temporal cues for prediction, behavior understanding, and safe planning. However, conventional tracking-by-detection…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Yan Gong , Mengjun Chen , Hao Liu , Gao Yongsheng , Lei Yang , Naibang Wang , Ziying Song , Haoqun Ma

Most modern Multi-Object Tracking (MOT) systems typically apply REID-based paradigm to hold a balance between computational efficiency and performance. In the past few years, numerous attempts have been made to perfect the systems. Although…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-05-20 Xixi Xu , Chao Lu , Liang Zhu , Xiangyang Xue , Guanxian Chen , Qi Guo , Yining Lin , Zhijian Zhao

In this paper, we focus on the multi-object tracking (MOT) problem of automatic driving and robot navigation. Most existing MOT methods track multiple objects using a singular RGB camera, which are prone to camera field-of-view and suffer…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Yuhang He , Wentao Yu , Jie Han , Xing Wei , Xiaopeng Hong , Yihong Gong

In recent years, numerous effective multi-object tracking (MOT) methods are developed because of the wide range of applications. Existing performance evaluations of MOT methods usually separate the object tracking step from the object…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-01-28 Longyin Wen , Dawei Du , Zhaowei Cai , Zhen Lei , Ming-Ching Chang , Honggang Qi , Jongwoo Lim , Ming-Hsuan Yang , Siwei Lyu