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Content-addressable memories such as Modern Hopfield Networks (MHN) have been studied as mathematical models of auto-association and storage/retrieval in the human declarative memory, yet their practical use for large-scale content storage…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Satyananda Kashyap , Niharika S. D'Souza , Luyao Shi , Ken C. L. Wong , Hongzhi Wang , Tanveer Syeda-Mahmood

Associative memory, a form of content-addressable memory, facilitates information storage and retrieval in many biological and physical systems. In statistical mechanics models, associative memory at equilibrium is represented through…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2022-03-08 Agnish Kumar Behera , Madan Rao , Srikanth Sastry , Suriyanarayanan Vaikuntanathan

A model of associative memory is studied, which stores and reliably retrieves many more patterns than the number of neurons in the network. We propose a simple duality between this dense associative memory and neural networks commonly used…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-03-28 Dmitry Krotov , John J Hopfield

In [7] Krotov and Hopfield suggest a generalized version of the well-known Hopfield model of associative memory. In their version they consider a polynomial interaction function and claim that this increases the storage capacity of the…

Probability · Mathematics 2017-07-03 Mete Demircigil , Judith Heusel , Matthias Löwe , Sven Upgang , Franck Vermet

Attractor networks are an influential theory for memory storage in brain systems. This theory has recently been challenged by the observation of strong temporal variability in neuronal recordings during memory tasks. In this work, we study…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2021-12-02 Ulises Pereira-Obilinovic , Johnatan Aljadeff , Nicolas Brunel

Reasoning is the ability to integrate internal states and external inputs in a meaningful and semantically consistent flow. Contemporary machine learning (ML) systems increasingly rely on such sequential reasoning, from language…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Simone Betteti , Giacomo Baggio , Sandro Zampieri

The exponential rise in data generation has led to vast, heterogeneous datasets crucial for predictive analytics and decision-making. Ensuring data quality and semantic integrity remains a challenge. This paper presents a brain-inspired…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Ashwin Viswanathan Kannan , Johnson P Thomas , Abhimanyu Mukerji

Understanding the memory capacity of neural networks remains a challenging problem in implementing artificial intelligence systems. In this paper, we address the notion of capacity with respect to Hopfield networks and propose a dynamic…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-09-19 Saarthak Sarup , Mingoo Seok

The Hopfield model describes a neural network that stores memories using all-to-all-coupled spins. Memory patterns are recalled under equilibrium dynamics. Storing too many patterns breaks the associative recall process because frustration…

Associative memory retrieves complete patterns from partial or corrupted inputs and constitutes a primitive form of generative inference. Classical Hopfield networks (CHN) provide a canonical framework for associative memory but suffer from…

The brain can reproduce memories from partial data; this ability is critical for memory recall. The process of memory recall has been studied using auto-associative networks such as the Hopfield model. This kind of model reliably converges…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2016-05-18 James P. Roach , Leonard M Sander , Michal R. Zochowski

We study a class of Hopfield models where the memories are represented by a mixture of Gaussian and binary variables and the neurons are Ising spins. We study the properties of this family of models as the relative weight of the two kinds…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2022-09-29 Luca Leuzzi , Alberto Patti , Federico Ricci-Tersenghi

We study a fully connected Hopfield-type associative memory network with online activity-dependent synaptic plasticity, where neural states and synaptic couplings coevolve during retrieval. Using the generating-functional formalism, we…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2026-05-22 Yoshinori Hara , Yoshiyuki Kabashima

Hopfield models, originally developed to study memory retrieval in neural networks, have become versatile tools for modeling diverse biological systems in which function emerges from collective dynamics. In this review, we provide a…

Biological Physics · Physics 2025-06-17 Maria Yampolskaya , Pankaj Mehta

Associative networks theory is increasingly providing tools to interpret update rules of artificial neural networks. At the same time, deriving neural learning rules from a solid theory remains a fundamental challenge. We make some steps in…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-03-27 Daniele Lotito

Continuous-Time Recurrent Neural Networks (CTRNNs) have been widely used for their capacity to model complex temporal behaviour. However, their internal dynamics often remain difficult to interpret. In this paper, we propose a new class of…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2025-11-17 Miguel Aguilera , Daniele De Martino , Ivan Garashchuk , Dmitry Sinelshchikov

We consider $L$-directional associative memories, composed of $L$ Hopfield networks, displaying imitative Hebbian intra-network interactions and anti-imitative Hebbian inter-network interactions, where couplings are built over a set of…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2025-04-11 Elena Agliari , Andrea Alessandrelli , Paulo Duarte Mourao , Alberto Fachechi

Associative memory architectures are designed for memorization but also offer, through their retrieval method, a form of generalization to unseen inputs: stored memories can be seen as prototypes from this point of view. Focusing on Modern…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Matan Abudy , Nur Lan , Emmanuel Chemla , Roni Katzir

The potential for associative recall of diluted neuronal networks is investigated with respect to several biologically relevant configurations, more specifically the position of the cells along the input space and the spatial distribution…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-06-24 Luciano da Fontoura Costa , Dietrich Stauffer

We introduce Graph Hopfield Networks, whose energy function couples associative memory retrieval with graph Laplacian smoothing for node classification. Gradient descent on this joint energy yields an iterative update interleaving Hopfield…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Abinav Rao , Alex Wa , Rishi Athavale