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We investigate spatial confounding in the presence of multivariate disease dependence. In the "analysis model perspective" of spatial confounding, adding a spatially dependent random effect can lead to significant variance inflation of the…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-13 Kyle Lin Wu , Sudipto Banerjee

Assessing associations between a response of interest and a set of covariates in spatial areal models is the leitmotiv of ecological regression. However, the presence of spatially correlated random effects can mask or even bias estimates of…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-06-02 A. Adin , T. Goicoa , J. S. Hodges , P. Schnell , M. D. Ugarte

Causal inference in spatial domains faces two intertwined challenges: (1) unmeasured spatial factors, such as weather, air pollution, or mobility, that confound treatment and outcome, and (2) interference from nearby treatments that violate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Ayush Khot , Miruna Oprescu , Maresa Schröder , Ai Kagawa , Xihaier Luo

Non-gaussian spatial data are very common in many disciplines. For instance, count data are common in disease mapping, and binary data are common in ecology. When fitting spatial regressions for such data, one needs to account for…

Methodology · Statistics 2010-12-01 John Hughes , Murali Haran

This manuscript unites causal inference and spatial statistics, presenting novel insights for causal inference in spatial data analysis, and drawing from tools in spatial statistics to estimate causal effects. We introduce spatial causal…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-17 Georgia Papadogeorgou , Srijata Samanta

Spatial areal models encounter the well-known and challenging problem of spatial confounding. This issue makes it arduous to distinguish between the impacts of observed covariates and spatial random effects. Despite previous research and…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-01-08 A. Urdangarin , T. Goicoa , T. Kneib , M. D. Ugarte

Spatial confounding poses a significant challenge in scientific studies involving spatial data, where unobserved spatial variables can influence both treatment and outcome, possibly leading to spurious associations. To address this problem,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-04 Mauricio Tec , Ana Trisovic , Michelle Audirac , Sophie Woodward , Jie Kate Hu , Naeem Khoshnevis , Francesca Dominici

Unmeasured confounding can severely bias causal effect estimates from spatiotemporal observational data, especially when the confounders do not vary smoothly in time and space. In this work, we develop a method for addressing unmeasured…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-29 Jiaxi Wu , Alexander Franks

Inference for spatial generalized linear mixed models (SGLMMs) for high-dimensional non-Gaussian spatial data is computationally intensive. The computational challenge is due to the high-dimensional random effects and because Markov chain…

Computation · Statistics 2018-10-09 Yawen Guan , Murali Haran

Residuals in regression models are often spatially correlated. Prominent examples include studies in environmental epidemiology to understand the chronic health effects of pollutants. I consider the effects of residual spatial structure on…

Methodology · Statistics 2010-11-05 Christopher J. Paciorek

Statistical models used to estimate the spatio-temporal pattern in disease risk from areal unit data represent the risk surface for each time period with known covariates and a set of spatially smooth random effects. The latter act as a…

Applications · Statistics 2016-04-19 Alastair Rushworth , Duncan Lee , Christophe Sarran

This paper presents a probabilistic approach to represent and quantify model-form uncertainties in the reduced-order modeling of complex systems using operator inference techniques. Such uncertainties can arise in the selection of an…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-11-08 Jin Yi Yong , Rudy Geelen , Johann Guilleminot

Regression for spatially dependent outcomes poses many challenges, for inference and for computation. Non-spatial models and traditional spatial mixed-effects models each have their advantages and disadvantages, making it difficult for…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-08-02 John Hughes

Studies investigating the causal effects of spatially varying exposures on outcomes often rely on observational and spatially indexed data. A prevalent challenge is unmeasured spatial confounding, where an unobserved spatially varying…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-19 Sophie M. Woodward , Mauricio Tec , Francesca Dominici

The spatial random-effects model is flexible in modeling spatial covariance functions, and is computationally efficient for spatial prediction via fixed rank kriging. However, the success of this model depends on an appropriate set of basis…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-04-23 ShengLi Tzeng , Hsin-Cheng Huang

The scientific rigor and computational methods of causal inference have had great impacts on many disciplines, but have only recently begun to take hold in spatial applications. Spatial casual inference poses analytic challenges due to…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-07-07 Brian J Reich , Shu Yang , Yawen Guan , Andrew B Giffin , Matthew J Miller , Ana G Rappold

We address the problem of inferring the causal effect of an exposure on an outcome across space, using observational data. The data is possibly subject to unmeasured confounding variables which, in a standard approach, must be adjusted for…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-06-04 Muhammad Osama , Dave Zachariah , Thomas B. Schön

In employing spatial regression models for counts, we usually meet two issues. First, ignoring the inherent collinearity between covariates and the spatial effect would lead to causal inferences. Second, real count data usually reveal over…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-05-21 Mahsa Nadifar , Hossein Baghishani , Afshin Fallah

Marginal structural models are a popular tool for investigating the effects of time-varying treatments, but they require an assumption of no unobserved confounders between the treatment and outcome. With observational data, this assumption…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-06-10 Matthew Blackwell , Soichiro Yamauchi

Spatial classification with limited feature observations has been a challenging problem in machine learning. The problem exists in applications where only a subset of sensors are deployed at certain spots or partial responses are collected…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-03 Arpan Man Sainju , Wenchong He , Zhe Jiang , Da Yan , Haiquan Chen