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Most deep neural networks are considered to be black boxes, meaning their output is hard to interpret. In contrast, logical expressions are considered to be more comprehensible since they use symbols that are semantically close to natural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-16 Sophie Burkhardt , Jannis Brugger , Nicolas Wagner , Zahra Ahmadi , Kristian Kersting , Stefan Kramer

Rule-based explanation methods offer rigorous and globally interpretable insights into neural network behavior. However, existing approaches are mostly limited to small fully connected networks and depend on costly layerwise rule extraction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Chuqin Geng , Anqi Xing , Li Zhang , Ziyu Zhao , Yuhe Jiang , Xujie Si

Recent work on neuro-symbolic inductive logic programming has led to promising approaches that can learn explanatory rules from noisy, real-world data. While some proposals approximate logical operators with differentiable operators from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-12-08 Prithviraj Sen , Breno W. S. R. de Carvalho , Ryan Riegel , Alexander Gray

Knowledge extraction is used to convert neural networks into symbolic descriptions with the objective of producing more comprehensible learning models. The central challenge is to find an explanation which is more comprehensible than the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-03-23 Simon Odense , Artur d'Avila Garcez

A hallmark of human cognition is the ability to continually acquire and distill observations of the world into meaningful, predictive theories. In this paper we present a new mechanism for logical theory acquisition which takes a set of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-09-14 Andres Campero , Aldo Pareja , Tim Klinger , Josh Tenenbaum , Sebastian Riedel

We present an algorithm, NN2Rules, to convert a trained neural network into a rule list. Rule lists are more interpretable since they align better with the way humans make decisions. NN2Rules is a decompositional approach to rule…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-26 G Roshan Lal , Varun Mithal

The neural networks have trained on incomplete sets that a doctor could collect. Trained neural networks have correctly classified all the presented instances. The number of intervals entered for encoding the quantitative variables is equal…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Vitaly Schetinin , Anatoly Brazhnikov

Our main contribution is to show that the behaviour of kernels across multiple layers of a convolutional neural network can be approximated using a logic program. The extracted logic programs yield accuracies that correlate with those of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-20 Joe Townsend , Theodoros Kasioumis , Hiroya Inakoshi

Motivated by the interpretability question in ML models as a crucial element for the successful deployment of AI systems, this paper focuses on rule extraction as a means for neural networks interpretability. Through a systematic literature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-21 Sara El Mekkaoui , Loubna Benabbou , Abdelaziz Berrado

Many aspects of human reasoning, including language, require learning rules from very little data. Humans can do this, often learning systematic rules from very few examples, and combining these rules to form compositional rule-based…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Maxwell I. Nye , Armando Solar-Lezama , Joshua B. Tenenbaum , Brenden M. Lake

This paper proposes a new paradigm for learning a set of independent logical rules in disjunctive normal form as an interpretable model for classification. We consider the problem of learning an interpretable decision rule set as training a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-15 Litao Qiao , Weijia Wang , Bill Lin

Traditional neural networks have an impressive classification performance, but what they learn cannot be inspected, verified or extracted. Neural Logic Networks on the other hand have an interpretable structure that enables them to learn a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Vincent Perreault , Katsumi Inoue , Richard Labib , Alain Hertz

This paper develops a novel methodology for using symbolic knowledge in deep learning. From first principles, we derive a semantic loss function that bridges between neural output vectors and logical constraints. This loss function captures…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-06-11 Jingyi Xu , Zilu Zhang , Tal Friedman , Yitao Liang , Guy Van den Broeck

Classification, which involves finding rules that partition a given data set into disjoint groups, is one class of data mining problems. Approaches proposed so far for mining classification rules for large databases are mainly decision tree…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-01-09 Hongjun Lu , Rudy Setiono , Huan Liu

A hallmark of human intelligence is the ability to infer abstract rules from limited experience and apply these rules to unfamiliar situations. This capacity is widely studied in the visual domain using the Raven's Progressive Matrices.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Quan Do , Thomas M. Morin , Chantal E. Stern , Michael E. Hasselmo

Lack of labeled training data is a major bottleneck for neural network based aspect and opinion term extraction on product reviews. To alleviate this problem, we first propose an algorithm to automatically mine extraction rules from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-07-10 Hongliang Dai , Yangqiu Song

A problem of incorporating the expert rules into machine learning models for extending the concept-based learning is formulated in the paper. It is proposed how to combine logical rules and neural networks predicting the concept…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Andrei V. Konstantinov , Lev V. Utkin

Despite the highest classification accuracy in wide varieties of application areas, artificial neural network has one disadvantage. The way this Network comes to a decision is not easily comprehensible. The lack of explanation ability…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-10-18 Tameru Hailesilassie

Understanding the behavior of a trained network and finding explanations for its outputs is important for improving the network's performance and generalization ability, and for ensuring trust in automated systems. Several approaches have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-30 Madhumita Sushil , Simon Šuster , Walter Daelemans

In this paper, we review recent approaches for explaining concepts in neural networks. Concepts can act as a natural link between learning and reasoning: once the concepts are identified that a neural learning system uses, one can integrate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Jae Hee Lee , Sergio Lanza , Stefan Wermter
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