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Implicit generative models are difficult to train as no explicit density functions are defined. Generative adversarial nets (GANs) present a minimax framework to train such models, which however can suffer from mode collapse due to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-25 Chao Du , Kun Xu , Chongxuan Li , Jun Zhu , Bo Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) enable in-context learning (ICL) by conditioning on a few labeled training examples as a text-based prompt, eliminating the need for parameter updates and achieving competitive performance. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Jianing Wang , Chengyu Wang , Chuanqi Tan , Jun Huang , Ming Gao

Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims to determine whether students will respond correctly to the next question, which is a crucial task in intelligent tutoring systems (ITS). In educational KT scenarios, transductive ID-based methods often face…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Lingyue Fu , Hao Guan , Kounianhua Du , Jianghao Lin , Wei Xia , Weinan Zhang , Ruiming Tang , Yasheng Wang , Yong Yu

Intelligent Tutoring Systems have become critically important in future learning environments. Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a crucial part of that system. It is about inferring the skill mastery of students and predicting their performance to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-12-22 Sein Minn , Jill-Jenn Vie , Koh Takeuchi , Hisashi Kashima , Feida Zhu

Just like the previous generation of task-tuned models, large language models (LLMs) that are adapted to tasks via prompt-based methods like in-context-learning (ICL) perform well in some setups but not in others. This lack of consistency…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-11 Lucas Weber , Elia Bruni , Dieuwke Hupkes

The development of LLMs has greatly enhanced the intelligence and fluency of question answering, while the emergence of retrieval enhancement has enabled models to better utilize external information. However, the presence of noise and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Xingyun Hong , Yan Shao , Zhilin Wang , Manni Duan , Jin Xiongnan

Interpretable Learning to Rank (LtR) is an emerging field within the research area of explainable AI, aiming at developing intelligible and accurate predictive models. While most of the previous research efforts focus on creating post-hoc…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-06-02 Claudio Lucchese , Franco Maria Nardini , Salvatore Orlando , Raffaele Perego , Alberto Veneri

Kernel methods form a theoretically-grounded, powerful and versatile framework to solve nonlinear problems in signal processing and machine learning. The standard approach relies on the \emph{kernel trick} to perform pairwise evaluations of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-03 Kan Li , Jose C. Principe

Machine learning methods are growing in relevance for biometrics and personal information processing in domains such as forensics, e-health, recruitment, and e-learning. In these domains, white-box (human-readable) explanations of systems…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-02 Alfonso Ortega , Julian Fierrez , Aythami Morales , Zilong Wang , Tony Ribeiro

In-Context Learning (ICL) is an emergent capability of Large Language Models (LLMs). Only a few demonstrations enable LLMs to be used as blackbox for new tasks. Previous studies have shown that using LLMs' outputs as labels is effective in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Kazuma Hashimoto , Karthik Raman , Michael Bendersky

For data-driven iterative learning control (ILC) methods, both the model estimation and controller design problems are converted to parameter estimation problems for some chosen model structures. It is well-known that if the model order is…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-08 Xian Yu , Xiaozhu Fang , Biqiang Mu , Tianshi Chen

In-context learning (ICL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for adapting large language models (LLMs) to new and data-scarce tasks using only a few carefully selected task-specific examples presented in the prompt. However, given the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Vaibhav Singh , Soumya Suvra Ghosal , Kapu Nirmal Joshua , Soumyabrata Pal , Sayak Ray Chowdhury

Knowledge Tracing (KT) models students' evolving knowledge states to predict future performance, serving as a foundation for personalized education. While traditional deep learning models achieve high accuracy, they often lack…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Runze Li , Kedi Chen , Guwei Feng , Mo Yu , Jun Wang , Wei Zhang

The current state of the art systems in Artificial Intelligence (AI) enabled intrusion detection use a variety of black box methods. These black box methods are generally trained using Error Based Learning (EBL) techniques with a focus on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-31 Jesse Ables , Thomas Kirby , Sudip Mittal , Ioana Banicescu , Shahram Rahimi , William Anderson , Maria Seale

The rapid proliferation of large language models (LLMs) in healthcare creates an urgent need for scalable and psychometrically sound evaluation methods. Conventional static benchmarks are costly to administer repeatedly, vulnerable to data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Tianpeng Zheng , Zhehan Jiang , Jiayi Liu , Shicong Feng

Evaluation of large language models (LLMs) is increasingly critical, yet standard benchmarking methods rely on average accuracy, overlooking both the inherent stochasticity of LLM outputs and the heterogeneity of benchmark items. Item…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-11 Xinhao Qu , Qiang Heng , Hao Zeng , Xiaoqian Liu

Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims to estimate a learner's evolving mastery based on interaction histories. Recent studies have explored Large Language Models (LLMs) for KT via autoregressive nature, but such approaches typically require…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Unggi Lee , Joo Young Kim , Ran Ju , Minyoung Jung , Jeyeon Eo

In this paper, we study how to predict the results of LTL model checking using some machine learning algorithms. Some Kripke structures and LTL formulas and their model checking results are made up data set. The approaches based on the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-02-22 Weijun Zhu , Mingliang Xu , Jianwei Wang

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a fundamental technology in intelligent tutoring systems used to simulate changes in students' knowledge state during learning, track personalized knowledge mastery, and predict performance. However, current KT…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Jiahui Cen , Jianghao Lin , Weixuan Zhong , Dong Zhou , Jin Chen , Aimin Yang , Yongmei Zhou

Knowledge Tracing (KT) models students' knowledge states based on learning interactions to predict performance. While deep learning-based KT models have boosted predictive accuracy, most models rely on deterministic vector embeddings and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Siyu Wu , Cong Xu , Wei Zhang