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Robustness has become one of the most critical problems in machine learning (ML). The science of interpreting ML models to understand their behavior and improve their robustness is referred to as explainable artificial intelligence (XAI).…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Patrick Koller , Amil V. Dravid , Guido M. Schuster , Aggelos K. Katsaggelos

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision loss globally. Yet despite its prevalence, the majority of affected people lack access to the specialized ophthalmologists and equipment required for assessing their condition. This can…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Alexandros Papadopoulos , Fotis Topouzis , Anastasios Delopoulos

Artificial intelligence algorithms have demonstrated their image classification and segmentation ability in the past decade. However, artificial intelligence algorithms perform less for actual clinical data than those used for simulations.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Mostafa Hajighasemlou , Samad Sheikhaei , Hamid Soltanian-Zadeh

Diabetes is a significant and continuously rising health challenge in Indonesia. Although many artificial intelligence (AI)-based health applications have been developed for early detection, most function as "black boxes," lacking…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Bernardus Willson , Henry Anand Septian Radityo , Raynard Tanadi , Latifa Dwiyanti , Saiful Akbar

Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms using deep learning have advanced the classification of skin disease images; however these algorithms have been mostly applied "in silico" and not validated clinically. Most dermatology AI algorithms…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-24 Roxana Daneshjou , Carrie Kovarik , Justin M Ko

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision loss in the world,. In the past few Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision loss in the world. In the past few years, Artificial Intelligence (AI) based approaches have…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-07-02 Vasudevan Lakshminarayanan , Hoda Kherdfallah , Arya Sarkar , J. Jothi Balaji

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) refers to a barrier that takes place in diabetes mellitus damaging the blood vessel network present in the retina. This may endanger the subjects' vision if they have diabetes. It can take some time to perform a DR…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-02 V. Banupriya , S. Anusuya

Cutaneous malignancies demand early detection for favorable outcomes, yet current diagnostics suffer from inter-observer variability and access disparities. While AI shows promise, existing dermatological systems are limited by homogeneous…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Sher Khan , Raz Muhammad , Adil Hussain , Muhammad Sajjad , Muhammad Rashid

Early diagnosis and intervention for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has been shown to significantly improve the quality of life of autistic individuals. However, diagnostics methods for ASD rely on assessments based on clinical presentation…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-05 Suryansh Vidya , Kush Gupta , Amir Aly , Andy Wills , Emmanuel Ifeachor , Rohit Shankar

Research in Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is increasing, aiming to make deep learning models more transparent. Most XAI methods focus on justifying the decisions made by Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems in security-relevant…

In this report, we applied integrated gradients to explaining a neural network for diabetic retinopathy detection. The integrated gradient is an attribution method which measures the contributions of input to the quantity of interest. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-10-19 Linyi Li , Matt Fredrikson , Shayak Sen , Anupam Datta

Ocular disease affects billions of individuals unevenly worldwide. It continues to increase in prevalence with trends of growing populations of diabetic people, increasing life expectancies, decreasing ophthalmologist availability, and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Shiv Garg , Ginny Berkemeier

Widespread outreach programs using remote retinal imaging have proven to decrease the risk from diabetic retinopathy, the leading cause of blindness in the US. However, this process still requires manual verification of image quality and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-12-14 Arjun Raj Rajanna , Kamelia Aryafar , Rajeev Ramchandran , Christye Sisson , Ali Shokoufandeh , Raymond Ptucha

Retinopathy represents a group of retinal diseases that, if not treated timely, can cause severe visual impairments or even blindness. Many researchers have developed autonomous systems to recognize retinopathy via fundus and optical…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-05 Taimur Hassan , Bilal Hassan , Muhammad Usman Akram , Shahrukh Hashmi , Abdel Hakim Taguri , Naoufel Werghi

Deep learning brought boosts to auto diabetic retinopathy (DR) diagnosis, thus, greatly helping ophthalmologists for early disease detection, which contributes to preventing disease deterioration that may eventually lead to blindness. It…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-15 Xue Xia , Kun Zhan , Yuming Fang , Wenhui Jiang , Fei Shen

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) addresses the growing need for transparency and interpretability in AI systems, enabling trust and accountability in decision-making processes. This book offers a comprehensive guide to XAI,…

XAI refers to the techniques and methods for building AI applications which assist end users to interpret output and predictions of AI models. Black box AI applications in high-stakes decision-making situations, such as medical domain have…

The increasing integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into everyday life makes it essential to explain AI-based decision-making in a way that is understandable to all users, including those with disabilities. Accessible explanations…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Chukwunonso Henry Nwokoye , Maria J. P. Peixoto , Akriti Pandey , Lauren Pardy , Mahadeo Sukhai , Peter R. Lewis

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is an art and science of recording and classifying the retinal images of a diabetic patient. DR classification deals with classifying retinal fundus image into five stages on the basis of severity of diabetes. One…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Nishi Doshi , Urvi Oza , Pankaj Kumar

The task of weed detection is an essential element of precision agriculture since accurate species identification allows a farmer to selectively apply herbicides and fits into sustainable agriculture crop management. This paper proposes a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Abishek Karthik , Pandiyaraju V , Sreya Mynampati