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The pursuit of spatial intelligence fundamentally relies on access to large-scale, fine-grained 3D data. However, existing approaches predominantly construct spatial understanding benchmarks by generating question-answer (QA) pairs from a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Yuanyuan Gao , Hao Li , Yifei Liu , Xinhao Ji , Yuning Gong , Yuanjun Liao , Fangfu Liu , Manyuan Zhang , Yuchen Yang , Dan Xu , Xue Yang , Huaxi Huang , Hongjie Zhang , Ziwei Liu , Xiao Sun , Dingwen Zhang , Zhihang Zhong

We present UrbanScene3D, a large-scale data platform for research of urban scene perception and reconstruction. UrbanScene3D contains over 128k high-resolution images covering 16 scenes including large-scale real urban regions and synthetic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-20 Liqiang Lin , Yilin Liu , Yue Hu , Xingguang Yan , Ke Xie , Hui Huang

While feed-forward 3D reconstruction models have advanced rapidly, they still exhibit degraded performance on panoramas due to spherical distortions. Moreover, existing panoramic 3D datasets are predominantly collected with 360 cameras…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Jing Ou , Zidong Cao , Yinrui Ren , Zhuoxiao Li , Jinjing Zhu , Tongyan Hua , Shuai Zhang , Hui Xiong , Wufan Zhao

High-resolution optical satellite sensors, combined with dense stereo algorithms, have made it possible to reconstruct 3D city models from space. However, these models are, in practice, rather noisy and tend to miss small geometric features…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-01 Corinne Stucker , Bingxin Ke , Yuanwen Yue , Shengyu Huang , Iro Armeni , Konrad Schindler

This paper presents OmniCity, a new dataset for omnipotent city understanding from multi-level and multi-view images. More precisely, the OmniCity contains multi-view satellite images as well as street-level panorama and mono-view images,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-05 Weijia Li , Yawen Lai , Linning Xu , Yuanbo Xiangli , Jinhua Yu , Conghui He , Gui-Song Xia , Dahua Lin

High-definition 3D city maps enable city planning and change detection, which is essential for municipal compliance, map maintenance, and asset monitoring, including both built structures and urban greenery. Conventional Digital Surface…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Hezam Albagami , Haitian Wang , Xinyu Wang , Muhammad Ibrahim , Zainy M. Malakan , Abdullah M. Alqamdi , Mohammed H. Alghamdi , Ajmal Mian

3D semantic scene understanding remains a long-standing challenge in the 3D computer vision community. One of the key issues pertains to limited real-world annotated data to facilitate generalizable models. The common practice to tackle…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Duc Nguyen , Yan-Ling Lai , Qilin Zhang , Prabin Gyawali , Benedikt Schwab , Olaf Wysocki , Thomas H. Kolbe

With deep learning becoming a more prominent approach for automatic classification of three-dimensional point cloud data, a key bottleneck is the amount of high quality training data, especially when compared to that available for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-07-11 David Griffiths , Jan Boehm

Digitizing the physical world into accurate simulation-ready virtual environments offers significant opportunities in a variety of fields such as augmented and virtual reality, gaming, and robotics. However, current 3D reconstruction and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Hongchi Xia , Chih-Hao Lin , Hao-Yu Hsu , Quentin Leboutet , Katelyn Gao , Michael Paulitsch , Benjamin Ummenhofer , Shenlong Wang

Holistic understanding of urban scenes based on RGB images is a challenging yet important problem. It encompasses understanding both the geometry and appearance to enable novel view synthesis, parsing semantic labels, and tracking moving…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Hongyu Zhou , Jiahao Shao , Lu Xu , Dongfeng Bai , Weichao Qiu , Bingbing Liu , Yue Wang , Andreas Geiger , Yiyi Liao

Urban modeling from LiDAR point clouds is an important topic in computer vision, computer graphics, photogrammetry and remote sensing. 3D city models have found a wide range of applications in smart cities, autonomous navigation, urban…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Ruisheng Wang , Shangfeng Huang , Hongxin Yang

As digital twins become central to the transformation of modern cities, accurate and structured 3D building models emerge as a key enabler of high-fidelity, updatable urban representations. These models underpin diverse applications…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Shangfeng Huang , Ruisheng Wang , Xin Wang

To meet the challenges of global urbanization, earth observation information is greatly needed. The lack of global three-dimensional (3D) urban structure data has been a major limiting factor in important urban applications such as…

Physics and Society · Physics 2018-07-13 Panshi Wang , Chengquan Huang , James C. Tilton

Inverse rendering in urban scenes is pivotal for applications like autonomous driving and digital twins. Yet, it faces significant challenges due to complex illumination conditions, including multi-illumination and indirect light and shadow…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Jingjing Wang , Qirui Hu , Chong Bao , Yuke Zhu , Hujun Bao , Zhaopeng Cui , Guofeng Zhang

3D urban reconstruction of buildings from remotely sensed imagery has drawn significant attention during the past two decades. While aerial imagery and LiDAR provide higher resolution, satellite imagery is cheaper and more efficient to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-05-20 Bo Xu , Xu Zhang , Zhixin Li , Matt Leotta , Shih-Fu Chang , Jie Shan

Building models are conventionally reconstructed by building roof points planar segmentation and then using a topology graph to group the planes together. Roof edges and vertices are then mathematically represented by intersecting segmented…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-10-16 Zhixin Li , Wenyuan Zhang , Jie Shan

Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) is being deployed in real-world applications, however many state-of-the-art solutions still struggle in many common scenarios. A key necessity in progressing SLAM research is the availability of…

Despite the growing need for data of more and more sophisticated 3D reconstruction pipelines, we can still observe a scarcity of suitable public datasets. Existing 3D datasets are either low resolution, limited to a small amount of scenes,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Mattia D'Urso , Yuxi Hu , Christian Sormann , Mattia Rossi , Friedrich Fraundorfer

With the rapid advancement of 3D sensing technologies, obtaining 3D shape information of objects has become increasingly convenient. Lidar technology, with its capability to accurately capture the 3D information of objects at long…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Weixiao Gao , Ravi Peters , Jantien Stoter

With the increasing resolution of remote sensing imagery (RSI), large-size RSI has emerged as a vital data source for high-precision vector mapping of geographic objects. Existing methods are typically constrained to processing small image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Yu Wang , Bo Dang , Wanchun Li , Wei Chen , Yansheng Li
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