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The aim of this paper is twofold: (1) to assess whether the construct of neural representations plays an explanatory role under the variational free-energy principle and its corollary process theory, active inference; and (2) if so, to…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2023-07-19 Maxwell Ramstead , Karl Friston , Ines Hipolito

Active inference is a normative framework for explaining behaviour under the free energy principle -- a theory of self-organisation originating in neuroscience. It specifies neuronal dynamics for state-estimation in terms of a descent on…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2021-10-26 Lancelot Da Costa , Thomas Parr , Biswa Sengupta , Karl Friston

This paper considers neural representation through the lens of active inference, a normative framework for understanding brain function. It delves into how living organisms employ generative models to minimize the discrepancy between…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2023-10-24 Giovanni Pezzulo , Leo D'Amato , Francesco Mannella , Matteo Priorelli , Toon Van de Maele , Ivilin Peev Stoianov , Karl Friston

This paper presents a continuous, information-theoretic extension of the Free Energy Principle through the concept of Markov blanket density, i.e., a scalar field that quantifies the degree of conditional independence between internal and…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-08-12 Luca M. Possati

Active inference is a normative principle underwriting perception, action, planning, decision-making and learning in biological or artificial agents. From its inception, its associated process theory has grown to incorporate complex…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2021-02-02 Lancelot Da Costa , Thomas Parr , Noor Sajid , Sebastijan Veselic , Victorita Neacsu , Karl Friston

Active inference provides a general framework for behavior and learning in autonomous agents. It states that an agent will attempt to minimize its variational free energy, defined in terms of beliefs over observations, internal states and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-12 Samuel T. Wauthier , Bram Vanhecke , Tim Verbelen , Bart Dhoedt

Research on the so-called "free-energy principle'' (FEP) in cognitive neuroscience is becoming increasingly high-profile. To date, introductions to this theory have proved difficult for many readers to follow, but it depends mainly upon two…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-03-16 Simon McGregor , Manuel Baltieri , Christopher L. Buckley

At the inception of human brain mapping, two principles of functional anatomy underwrote most conceptions - and analyses - of distributed brain responses: namely functional segregation and integration. There are currently two main…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2020-07-21 Karl J. Friston , Erik D. Fagerholm , Tahereh S. Zarghami , Thomas Parr , Inês Hipólito , Loïc Magrou , Adeel Razi

The free energy principle (FEP), along with the associated constructs of Markov blankets and ontological potentials, have recently been presented as the core components of a generalized modeling method capable of mathematically describing…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-03-03 Jeff Beck , Maxwell J. D. Ramstead

The free energy principle, and its corollary active inference, constitute a bio-inspired theory that assumes biological agents act to remain in a restricted set of preferred states of the world, i.e., they minimize their free energy. Under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-15 Pietro Mazzaglia , Tim Verbelen , Ozan Çatal , Bart Dhoedt

This monograph attempts a theory of every 'thing' that can be distinguished from other things in a statistical sense. The ensuing statistical independencies, mediated by Markov blankets, speak to a recursive composition of ensembles (of…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2019-06-26 Karl Friston

Is there a canonical way to think of agency beyond reward maximisation? In this paper, we show that any type of behaviour complying with physically sound assumptions about how macroscopic biological agents interact with the world…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Lancelot Da Costa , Samuel Tenka , Dominic Zhao , Noor Sajid

This work combines the free energy principle from cognitive neuroscience and the ensuing active inference dynamics with recent advances in variational inference in deep generative models, and evolution strategies to introduce the "deep…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2018-10-24 Kai Ueltzhöffer

The free energy principle (FEP) states that any dynamical system can be interpreted as performing Bayesian inference upon its surrounding environment. In this work, we examine in depth the assumptions required to derive the FEP in the…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2022-05-23 Miguel Aguilera , Beren Millidge , Alexander Tschantz , Christopher L. Buckley

We introduce structured active inference, a large generalization and formalization of active inference using the tools of categorical systems theory. We cast generative models formally as systems "on an interface", with the latter being a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Toby St Clere Smithe

Representations are internal models of the environment that can provide guidance to a behaving agent, even in the absence of sensory information. It is not clear how representations are developed and whether or not they are necessary or…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2013-08-07 Lars Marstaller , Arend Hintze , Christoph Adami

Active systems across scales, ranging from molecular machines to human crowds, are usually modeled as assemblies of self-propelled particles driven by internally generated forces. However, these models often assume memoryless dynamics and…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-12-10 Marc Besse , Raphaël Voituriez

With recent and rapid advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), understanding the foundation of purposeful behaviour in autonomous agents is crucial for developing safe and efficient systems. While artificial neural networks have…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Aswin Paul , Moein Khajehnejad , Forough Habibollahi , Brett J. Kagan , Adeel Razi

The neural mechanism of memory has a very close relation with the problem of representation in artificial intelligence. In this paper a computational model was proposed to simulate the network of neurons in brain and how they process…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2020-12-02 Hui Wei

What role does phenotypic complexity play in the systems-level function of an embodied agent? The organismal phenotype is a topologically complex structure that interacts with a genotype, developmental physics, and an informational…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2022-08-15 Bradly Alicea , Jesse Parent
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