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Recent advances in large language models have led to renewed interest in natural language processing in healthcare using the free text of clinical notes. One distinguishing characteristic of clinical notes is their long time span over…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-17 Hongyi Zheng , Yixin Zhu , Lavender Yao Jiang , Kyunghyun Cho , Eric Karl Oermann

The linking of clinical entities is a crucial part of extracting structured information from clinical texts. It is the process of assigning a code from a medical ontology or classification to a phrase in the text. The International…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Sylvia Vassileva , Ivan Koychev , Svetla Boytcheva

Automated international classification of diseases (ICD) coding aims to assign multiple disease codes to clinical documents and plays a critical role in healthcare informatics. However, its performance is hindered by the extreme long-tail…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Tianlei Chen , Yuxiao Chen , Yang Li , Feifei Wang

Clinicians spend a significant amount of time inputting free-form textual notes into Electronic Health Records (EHR) systems. Much of this documentation work is seen as a burden, reducing time spent with patients and contributing to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-09 Peter J. Liu

The task of assigning diagnostic ICD codes to patient hospital admissions is typically performed by expert human coders. Efforts towards automated ICD coding are dominated by supervised deep learning models. However, difficulties in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Joseph S. Boyle , Antanas Kascenas , Pat Lok , Maria Liakata , Alison Q. O'Neil

Automated medical prognosis has gained interest as artificial intelligence evolves and the potential for computer-aided medicine becomes evident. Nevertheless, it is challenging to design an effective system that, given a patient's medical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-02 Jose F Rodrigues-Jr , Gabriel Spadon , Bruno Brandoli , Sihem Amer-Yahia

International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is a set of classification codes for medical records. Automated ICD coding, which assigns unique International Classification of Diseases codes with each medical record, is widely used recently…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-12-12 Shi Wang , Daniel Tang , Luchen Zhang , Huilin Li , Ding Han

ICD coding is the international standard for capturing and reporting health conditions and diagnosis for revenue cycle management in healthcare. Manually assigning ICD codes is prone to human error due to the large code vocabulary and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-16 Youngwoo Kim , Cheng Li , Bingyang Ye , Amir Tahmasebi , Javed Aslam

International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding is the task of assigning ICD diagnosis codes to clinical notes. This can be challenging given the large quantity of labels (nearly 9,000) and lengthy texts (up to 8,000 tokens). However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Junwen Duan , Han Jiang , Ying Yu

Machine Learning (ML) is widely used to automatically extract meaningful information from Electronic Health Records (EHR) to support operational, clinical, and financial decision-making. However, ML models require a large number of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-14 Martha Dais Ferreira , Michal Malyska , Nicola Sahar , Riccardo Miotto , Fernando Paulovich , Evangelos Milios

Medical coding translates clinical documentation into standardized codes for billing, research, and public health, but manual coding is time-consuming and error-prone. Existing automation efforts rely on small datasets that poorly represent…

Automatically classifying electronic health records (EHRs) into diagnostic codes has been challenging to the NLP community. State-of-the-art methods treated this problem as a multilabel classification problem and proposed various…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-13 Chao-Wei Huang , Shang-Chi Tsai , Yun-Nung Chen

International Classification of Diseases (ICD) are the de facto codes used globally for clinical coding. These codes enable healthcare providers to claim reimbursement and facilitate efficient storage and retrieval of diagnostic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Pavithra Rajendran , Alexandros Zenonos , Josh Spear , Rebecca Pope

Learning to represent free text is a core task in many clinical machine learning (ML) applications, as clinical text contains observations and plans not otherwise available for inference. State-of-the-art methods use large language models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-30 Lecheng Kong , Christopher King , Bradley Fritz , Yixin Chen

Accurate coding of tumor diagnoses with ICD-10-GM and ICD-O-3 is essential for structured cancer documentation in Germany. Smaller open-weight LLMs are appealing for privacy-preserving automation but often struggle with coding accuracy in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Stefan Lenz , Lakisha Ortiz Rosario , Georg Vollmar , Arsenij Ustjanzew , Fatma Alickovic , Thomas Kindler , Torsten Panholzer

Within the intensive care unit (ICU), a wealth of patient data, including clinical measurements and clinical notes, is readily available. This data is a valuable resource for comprehending patient health and informing medical decisions, but…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-13 Ryan King , Tianbao Yang , Bobak Mortazavi

ICD coding is the process of mapping unstructured text from Electronic Health Records (EHRs) to standardised codes defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) system. In order to promote trust and transparency, existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Mingyang Li , Viktor Schlegel , Tingting Mu , Wuraola Oyewusi , Kai Kang , Goran Nenadic

Automatically extracting useful information from electronic medical records along with conducting disease diagnoses is a promising task for both clinical decision support(CDS) and neural language processing(NLP). Most of the existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-04-24 Zhongliang Yang , Yongfeng Huang , Yiran Jiang , Yuxi Sun , Yu-Jin Zhan , Pengcheng Luo

Disease diagnosis is a central pillar of modern healthcare, enabling early detection and timely intervention for acute conditions while guiding lifestyle adjustments and medication regimens to prevent or slow chronic disease. Self-reports…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Yuexin Wu , Shiqi Wang , Vasile Rus

This study investigates the feasibility of automating clinical coding in Russian, a language with limited biomedical resources. We present a new dataset for ICD coding, which includes diagnosis fields from electronic health records (EHRs)…