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Anomaly detection aims to identify observations that deviate from expected behavior. Because anomalous events are inherently sparse, most frameworks are trained exclusively on normal data to learn a single reference model of normality. This…

Random Forests (RF) is one of the algorithms of choice in many supervised learning applications, be it classification or regression. The appeal of such tree-ensemble methods comes from a combination of several characteristics: a remarkable…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-05-18 Jaouad Mourtada , Stéphane Gaïffas , Erwan Scornet

Building models of human decision-making from observed behaviour is critical to better understand, diagnose and support real-world policies such as clinical care. As established policy learning approaches remain focused on imitation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-03 Alizée Pace , Alex J. Chan , Mihaela van der Schaar

Random forest is a popular prediction approach for handling high dimensional covariates. However, it often becomes infeasible to interpret the obtained high dimensional and non-parametric model. Aiming for obtaining an interpretable…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-05-12 Jasper Velthoen , Juan-Juan Cai , Geurt Jongbloed

Semi-supervised Learning plays a crucial role in network anomaly detection applications, however, learning anomaly patterns with limited labeled samples is not easy. Additionally, the lack of interpretability creates key barriers to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Yachao Yuan , Yu Huang , Yingwen Wu , Jin Wang

Accurate and automated detection of anomalous samples in a natural image dataset can be accomplished with a probabilistic model for end-to-end modeling of images. Such images have heterogeneous complexity, however, and a probabilistic model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-05 Takashi Matsubara , Kenta Hama , Ryosuke Tachibana , Kuniaki Uehara

Detection of anomalous situations for complex mission-critical systems hold paramount importance when their service continuity needs to be ensured. A major challenge in detecting anomalies from the operational data arises due to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Shanay Mehta , Shlok Mehendale , Nicole Fernandes , Jyotirmoy Sarkar , Santonu Sarkar , Snehanshu Saha

Isolation Forest (iForest) stands out as a widely-used unsupervised anomaly detector, primarily owing to its remarkable runtime efficiency and superior performance in large-scale tasks. Despite its widespread adoption, a theoretical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Qin-Cheng Zheng , Shao-Qun Zhang , Shen-Huan Lyu , Yuan Jiang , Zhi-Hua Zhou

A new modification of Isolation Forest called Attention-Based Isolation Forest (ABIForest) for solving the anomaly detection problem is proposed. It incorporates the attention mechanism in the form of the Nadaraya-Watson regression into the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-07 Lev V. Utkin , Andrey Y. Ageev , Andrei V. Konstantinov

Anomaly detection to recognize unusual events in large scale systems in a time sensitive manner is critical in many industries, eg. bank fraud, enterprise systems, medical alerts, etc. Large-scale systems often grow in size and complexity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-31 Srishti Mishra , Tvarita Jain , Dinkar Sitaram

Anomalies represent rare observations (e.g., data records or events) that deviate significantly from others. Over several decades, research on anomaly mining has received increasing interests due to the implications of these occurrences in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-21 Xiaoxiao Ma , Jia Wu , Shan Xue , Jian Yang , Chuan Zhou , Quan Z. Sheng , Hui Xiong , Leman Akoglu

Anomaly segmentation is a critical task for driving applications, and it is approached traditionally as a per-pixel classification problem. However, reasoning individually about each pixel without considering their contextual semantics…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-26 Shyam Nandan Rai , Fabio Cermelli , Dario Fontanel , Carlo Masone , Barbara Caputo

We apply several machine learning algorithms to the problem of anomaly detection in operational data for large-scale, high-voltage electric power grids. We observe important differences in the performance of the algorithms. Neural networks…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-12 Marc Gillioz , Guillaume Dubuis , Étienne Voutaz , Philippe Jacquod

With the growing volume of Internet of Things (IoT) network traffic, machine learning (ML)-based anomaly detection is more relevant than ever. Traditional batch learning models face challenges such as high maintenance and poor adaptability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Rodrigo Matos Carnier , Laura Lahesoo , Kensuke Fukuda

Multi-target regression is useful in a plethora of applications. Although random forest models perform well in these tasks, they are often difficult to interpret. Interpretability is crucial in machine learning, especially when it can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-30 Avraam Bardos , Nikolaos Mylonas , Ioannis Mollas , Grigorios Tsoumakas

This paper presents a novel density estimation method for anomaly detection using density matrices (a powerful mathematical formalism from quantum mechanics) and Fourier features. The method can be seen as an efficient approximation of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-27 Oscar Bustos-Brinez , Joseph Gallego-Mejia , Fabio A. González

In the fields of statistics and unsupervised machine learning a fundamental and well-studied problem is anomaly detection. Anomalies are difficult to define, yet many algorithms have been proposed. Underlying the approaches is the nebulous…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-05-16 Nassir Mohammad

The widespread integration of new technologies in low-voltage distribution networks on the consumer side creates the need for distribution system operators to perform advanced real-time calculations to estimate network conditions. In recent…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-28 Petar Labura , Tomislav Antic , Tomislav Capuder

Online anomaly detection from a data stream is critical for the safety and security of many applications but is facing severe challenges due to complex and evolving data streams from IoT devices and cloud-based infrastructures.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-13 Susik Yoon , Youngjun Lee , Jae-Gil Lee , Byung Suk Lee

This work addresses the challenges of robust covariance estimation and interpretable outlier detection for multivariate functional data with separable covariance structure. We develop a method that simultaneously improves robustness and…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-21 Marcus Mayrhofer , Una Radojičić , Horst Lewitschnig , Peter Filzmoser