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While reinforcement learning has achieved considerable successes in recent years, state-of-the-art models are often still limited by the size of state and action spaces. Model-free reinforcement learning approaches use some form of state…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-23 Paul J. Pritz , Liang Ma , Kin K. Leung

Humans tend to learn complex abstract concepts faster if examples are presented in a structured manner. For instance, when learning how to play a board game, usually one of the first concepts learned is how the game ends, i.e. the actions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-11 Joseph West , Frederic Maire , Cameron Browne , Simon Denman

Adversarial self-play in two-player games has delivered impressive results when used with reinforcement learning algorithms that combine deep neural networks and tree search. Algorithms like AlphaZero and Expert Iteration learn tabula-rasa,…

This paper investigates a class of multi-player discrete games where each player aims to maximize its own utility function. Each player does not know the other players' action sets, their deployed actions or the structures of its own or the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-12-05 Zhisheng Hu , Minghui Zhu , Ping Chen , Peng Liu

In this work, we propose, for the first time, a reinforcement learning framework specifically designed for zero-sum linear-quadratic stochastic differential games. This approach offers a generalized solution for scenarios in which accurate…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-10 Yiyuan Wang

Text-based adventure games provide a platform on which to explore reinforcement learning in the context of a combinatorial action space, such as natural language. We present a deep reinforcement learning architecture that represents the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-03-26 Prithviraj Ammanabrolu , Mark O. Riedl

In this paper we experiment with a 2-player strategy board game where playing models are evolved using reinforcement learning and neural networks. The models are evolved to speed up automatic game development based on human involvement at…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Dimitris Kalles

Reinforcement learning has achieved remarkable success in perfect information games such as Go and Atari, enabling agents to compete at the highest levels against human players. However, research in reinforcement learning for imperfect…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Jiamian Li

Deep reinforcement learning provides a promising approach for text-based games in studying natural language communication between humans and artificial agents. However, the generalization still remains a big challenge as the agents depend…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-22 Yunqiu Xu , Meng Fang , Ling Chen , Yali Du , Chengqi Zhang

Traditional reinforcement learning and planning typically requires vast amounts of data and training to develop effective policies. In contrast, large language models (LLMs) exhibit strong generalization and zero-shot capabilities, but…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Jonathan Light , Min Cai , Weiqin Chen , Guanzhi Wang , Xiusi Chen , Wei Cheng , Yisong Yue , Ziniu Hu

This paper presents Knowledge-Based Reinforcement Learning (KB-RL) as a method that combines a knowledge-based approach and a reinforcement learning (RL) technique into one method for intelligent problem solving. The proposed approach…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Viktor Voss , Liudmyla Nechepurenko , Rudi Schaefer , Steffen Bauer

One of the key challenges in applying reinforcement learning to real-life problems is that the amount of train-and-error required to learn a good policy increases drastically as the task becomes complex. One potential solution to this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-29 Kazeto Yamamoto , Takashi Onishi , Yoshimasa Tsuruoka

Text-based games are a natural challenge domain for deep reinforcement learning algorithms. Their state and action spaces are combinatorially large, their reward function is sparse, and they are partially observable: the agent is informed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-12-02 Vishal Jain , William Fedus , Hugo Larochelle , Doina Precup , Marc G. Bellemare

Game theory provides the gold standard for analyzing adversarial engagements, offering strong optimality guarantees. However, these guarantees often become brittle when assumptions such as perfect information are violated. Reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Goutam Das , Michael Dorothy , Kyle Volle , Daigo Shishika

In recent years, reinforcement learning has been successful in solving video games from Atari to Star Craft II. However, the end-to-end model-free reinforcement learning (RL) is not sample efficient and requires a significant amount of…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2019-06-26 Yunqi Zhao , Igor Borovikov , Jason Rupert , Caedmon Somers , Ahmad Beirami

We investigate reinforcement learning in the Game Of Hidden Rules (GOHR) environment, a complex puzzle in which an agent must infer and execute hidden rules to clear a 6$\times$6 board by placing game pieces into buckets. We explore two…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Christo Mathew , Wentian Wang , Jacob Feldman , Lazaros K. Gallos , Paul B. Kantor , Vladimir Menkov , Hao Wang

Two-player games such as board games have long been used as traditional benchmarks for reinforcement learning. This work revisits a policy optimization method with reverse Kullback-Leibler regularization and entropy regularization and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Kazuki Ota , Takayuki Osa , Motoki Omura , Tatsuya Harada

We consider the automatic online synthesis of black-box test cases from functional requirements specified as automata for reactive implementations. The goal of the tester is to reach some given state, so as to satisfy a coverage criterion,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Ocan Sankur , Thierry Jéron , Nicolas Markey , David Mentré , Reiya Noguchi

This paper studies two important signal processing aspects of equilibrium behavior in non-cooperative games arising in social networks, namely, reinforcement learning and detection of equilibrium play. The first part of the paper presents a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2015-01-07 Omid Namvar Gharehshiran , William Hoiles , Vikram Krishnamurthy

We introduce a new approach for computing optimal equilibria via learning in games. It applies to extensive-form settings with any number of players, including mechanism design, information design, and solution concepts such as correlated,…