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Cyber Physical Systems (CPSs) are often black box systems for which no exact model exists. Automata learning allows to build abstract models of CPSs and is used in several scenarios, i.e. simulation, monitoring, and test case generation.…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2021-05-26 Swantje Plambeck , Jakob Schyga , Johannes Hinckeldeyn , Jochen Kreutzfeldt , Görschwin Fey

We present recent advances in formal verification and control for autonomous systems with practical safety guarantees enabled by conformal prediction (CP), a statistical tool for uncertainty quantification. This survey is particularly…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-19 Lars Lindemann , Yiqi Zhao , Xinyi Yu , George J. Pappas , Jyotirmoy V. Deshmukh

Conformance checking techniques let us find out to what degree a process model and real execution data correspond to each other. In recent years, alignments have proven extremely useful in calculating conformance statistics. Most techniques…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-12-12 Mohammadreza Fani Sani , Sebastiaan J. van Zelst , Wil M. P. van der Aalst

A Cyber-Physical System (CPS) testbed serves as a powerful platform for testing and validating cyber intrusion detection and mitigation strategies in substations. This study presents the design and development of a CPS testbed that can…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Akila Herath , Chen-Ching Liu , Junho Hong , Mansi Girdhar

Cyber-Physical Systems are the result of integrating information and communication technologies into physical systems. One particular case are Cyber-Physical Power Systems (CPPS), which use communication technologies to perform real-time…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-11-28 Michel Bessani , Rodrigo Z. Fanucchi , Alexandre C. C. Delbem , Carlos D. Maciel

We study the performance of risk-controlling prediction sets (RCPS), an empirical risk minimization-based formulation of conformal prediction, with a single trajectory of temporally correlated data from an unknown stochastic dynamical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Brian Lee , Nikolai Matni

We consider the problem of verifying stochastic models of biochemical networks against behavioral properties expressed in temporal logic terms. Exact probabilistic verification approaches such as, for example, CSL/PCTL model checking, are…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2009-12-15 Paolo Ballarini , Michele Forlin , Tommaso Mazza , Davide Prandi

Ensuring correctness of timed behaviors in cyber-physical systems (CPS) using closed-loop verification is challenging due to the hybrid dynamics in both systems and environments. Simulink and Stateflow are tools for model-based design that…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-11-01 Li Huang , Eun-Young Kang

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) integrate sensing, communication, computation, and control to support critical infrastructure, including smart grids, industrial automation, and control systems. In the electrical utility domain, various…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Abile Jean , Kuniyilh S

Conditional validity and length efficiency are two crucial aspects of conformal prediction (CP). Conditional validity ensures accurate uncertainty quantification for data subpopulations, while proper length efficiency ensures that the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-12-12 Shayan Kiyani , George Pappas , Hamed Hassani

Extending well-structured transition systems to incorporate a probabilistic scheduling rule, we define a new class of stochastic well-structured transition systems that includes population protocols, chemical reaction networks, and many…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-25 James Aspnes

Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) facilitate the integration of physical entities and cyber infrastructures through the utilization of pervasive computational resources and communication units, leading to improved efficiency, automation, and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-19 Zirui Liao , Jian Shi , Yuwei Zhang , Shaoping Wang , Zhiyong Sun

The complexity of cyberattacks in Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) calls for a mechanism that can evaluate critical infrastructures' operational behaviour and security without affecting the operation of live systems. In this regard, Digital…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-05-15 Sabah Suhail , Saif Ur Rehman Malik , Raja Jurdak , Rasheed Hussain , Raimundas Matulevičius , Davor Svetinovic

Engineering regulatory compliance in complex Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), such as smart warehouse logistics, is challenging due to the open and dynamic nature of these systems, scales, and unpredictable modes of human-robot interactions…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-28 Nan Zhang , Rami Bahsoon , Nikos Tziritas , Georgios Theodoropoulos

Synchronization of coupled continuous-time linear systems is studied in a general setting. For identical neutrally-stable linear systems that are detectable from their outputs, it is shown that a linear output feedback law exists under…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2008-01-22 S. Emre Tuna

We apply formal methods to lay and streamline theoretical foundations to reason about Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) and cyber-physical attacks. We focus on %a formal treatment of both integrity and DoS attacks to sensors and actuators of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-04-24 Ruggero Lanotte , Massimo Merro , Riccardo Muradore , Luca Viganò

Collaborative Cyber-Physical Systems (CCPS) are systems that contain tightly coupled physical and cyber components, massively interconnected subsystems, and collaborate to achieve a common goal. The safety of a single Cyber-Physical System…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-13 Manzoor Hussain , Nazakat Ali , Jang-Eui Hong

Signal temporal logic (STL) provides a user-friendly interface for defining complex tasks for robotic systems. Recent efforts aim at designing control laws or using reinforcement learning methods to find policies which guarantee…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2019-03-12 Peter Varnai , Dimos V. Dimarogonas

Advanced embedded system technology is one of the key driving forces behind the rapid growth of Cyber-Physical System (CPS) applications. Cyber-Physical Systems are comprised of multiple coordinating and cooperating components, which are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-09-22 Smitha Gautham , Abhilash Rajagopala , Athira Varma Jayakumar , Christopher Deloglos , Erwin Karincic , Carl Elks

One of the main challenges in integrating Cyber-Physical System-of-Systems (CPSoS) to function as a single unified system is the autonomy of its Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs), which may lead to a lack of coordination among CPSs and results…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-10-30 Mohamad Gharib , Paolo Lollini , Andrea Ceccarelli , Andrea Bondavalli