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We study protecting a user's data (images in this work) against a learner's unauthorized use in training neural networks. It is especially challenging when the user's data is only a tiny percentage of the learner's complete training set. We…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-08-03 Zihang Zou , Boqing Gong , Liqiang Wang

Deep neural network (DNN) with the state of art performance has emerged as a viable and lucrative business service. However, those impressive performances require a large number of computational resources, which comes at a high cost for the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-11-20 XiangRui Xu , YaQin Li , Cao Yuan

Watermarking is one of the most important copyright protection tools for digital media. The most challenging type of watermarking is the imperceptible one, which embeds identifying information in the data while retaining the latter's…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-12 Natan Semyonov , Rami Puzis , Asaf Shabtai , Gilad Katz

Deep neural network (DNN) watermarking is a suitable method for protecting the ownership of deep learning (DL) models. It secretly embeds an identifier (watermark) within the model, which can be retrieved by the owner to prove ownership. In…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Reda Bellafqira , Gouenou Coatrieux

Constructing and curating high-quality code datasets requires significant resources, making them valuable intellectual property. Unfortunately, these datasets currently face severe risks of unauthorized use. Although digital watermarking…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Haocheng Huang , Yuchen Chen , Weisong Sun , Peizhuo Lv , Yuan Xiao , Chunrong Fang , Yang Liu , Xiaofang Zhang

In recent years, there has been significant advancement in the field of model watermarking techniques. However, the protection of image-processing neural networks remains a challenge, with only a limited number of methods being developed.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-20 Huajie Chen , Tianqing Zhu , Chi Liu , Shui Yu , Wanlei Zhou

Current image watermarking methods are vulnerable to advanced image editing techniques enabled by large-scale text-to-image models. These models can distort embedded watermarks during editing, posing significant challenges to copyright…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Shilin Lu , Zihan Zhou , Jiayou Lu , Yuanzhi Zhu , Adams Wai-Kin Kong

This paper presents a comprehensive survey on deep learning-based image watermarking, a technique that entails the invisible embedding and extraction of watermarks within a cover image, aiming to offer a seamless blend of robustness and…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Xin Zhong , Arjon Das , Fahad Alrasheedi , Abdullah Tanvir

Large language model (LLM) unlearning is critical in real-world applications where it is necessary to efficiently remove the influence of private, copyrighted, or harmful data from some users. Existing utility-centric unlearning metrics…

Watermarking is broadly utilized to protect ownership of shared data while preserving data utility. However, existing watermarking methods for tabular datasets fall short on the desired properties (detectability, non-intrusiveness, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Yihao Zheng , Haocheng Xia , Junyuan Pang , Jinfei Liu , Kui Ren , Lingyang Chu , Yang Cao , Li Xiong

The availability and easy access to digital communication increase the risk of copyrighted material piracy. In order to detect illegal use or distribution of data, digital watermarking has been proposed as a suitable tool. It protects the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-10-04 Bingyang Wen , Sergul Aydore

With the increasing use of large language models (LLMs) in daily life, concerns have emerged regarding their potential misuse and societal impact. Watermarking is proposed to trace the usage of specific models by injecting patterns into…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Baizhou Huang , Xiaojun Wan

Watermarking of large language models (LLMs) generation embeds an imperceptible statistical pattern within texts, making it algorithmically detectable. Watermarking is a promising method for addressing potential harm and biases from LLMs,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Lingjie Chen , Ruizhong Qiu , Siyu Yuan , Zhining Liu , Tianxin Wei , Hyunsik Yoo , Zhichen Zeng , Deqing Yang , Hanghang Tong

Watermarking inserts invisible data into content to protect copyright. The embedded information provides proof of authorship and facilitates tracking illegal distribution, etc. Current robust watermarking techniques have been proposed to…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2018-05-17 Wook-Hyung Kim , Seung-Hun Nam , Ji-Hyeon Kang , Heung-Kyu Lee

Watermarking enables GenAI providers to verify whether content was generated by their models. A watermark is a hidden signal in the content, whose presence can be detected using a secret watermark key. A core security threat are forgery…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Toluwani Aremu , Noor Hussein , Munachiso Nwadike , Samuele Poppi , Jie Zhang , Karthik Nandakumar , Neil Gong , Nils Lukas

The current work is focusing on the implementation of a robust watermarking algorithm for digital images, which is based on an innovative spread spectrum analysis algorithm for watermark embedding and on a content-based image retrieval…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2009-09-29 Dimitrios K. Tsolis , Spyros Sioutas , Theodore S. Papatheodorou

Recently, the research on protecting the intellectual properties (IP) of deep neural networks (DNN) has attracted serious concerns. A number of DNN copyright protection methods have been proposed. However, most of the existing watermarking…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-07-05 Shichang Sun , Mingfu Xue , Jian Wang , Weiqiang Liu

The protection of intellectual property has become critical due to the rapid growth of three-dimensional content in digital media. Unlike traditional images or videos, 3D point clouds present unique challenges for copyright enforcement, as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Khandoker Ashik Uz Zaman , Mohammad Zahangir Alam , Mohammed N. M. Ali , Mahdi H. Miraz

Gradient Boosting Decision Trees (GBDTs) are widely used in industry and academia for their high accuracy and efficiency, particularly on structured data. However, watermarking GBDT models remains underexplored compared to neural networks.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Jun Woo Chung , Yingjie Lao , Weijie Zhao

DNN watermarking is receiving an increasing attention as a suitable mean to protect the Intellectual Property Rights associated to DNN models. Several methods proposed so far are inspired to the popular Spread Spectrum (SS) paradigm…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-12-29 Yue Li , Benedetta Tondi , Mauro Barni