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Measurement of Muon-induced Neutron Production at the China Jinping Underground Laboratory

Solar, terrestrial, and supernova neutrino experiments are subject to muon-induced radioactive backgrounds. The China Jinping Underground Laboratory (CJPL), with its unique advantage of a 2400 m rock coverage and long distance from nuclear…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2022-10-19 Lin Zhao , Wentai Luo , Lars Bathe Peters , Shaomin Chen , Mourad Chouaki , Wei Dou , Lei Guo , Ziyi Guo , Ghulam Hussain , Jinjing Li , Ye Liang , Qian Liu , Guang Luo , Ming Qi , Wenhui Shao , Jian Tang , Linyan Wan , Zhe Wang , Yiyang Wu , Benda Xu , Tong Xu , Weiran Xu , Yuzi Yang , Minfang Yeh , Bin Zhang

Study of neutron production for 360 GeV cosmic muons

The China Jinping underground Laboratory (CJPL) is an excellent location for studying solar, terrestrial, and supernova neutrinos due to its 2400-meter vertical rock overburden. Its unparalleled depth gives an opportunity to investigate the…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2025-01-03 Xinshun Zhang , Jinjing Li , Shaomin Chen , Wei Dou , Haoyang Fu , Ye Liang , Qian Liu , Wentai Luo , Ming Qi , Wenhui Shao , Haozhe Sun , Jian Tang , Yuyi Wang , Zhe Wang , Changxu Wei , Jun Weng , Yiyang Wu , Benda Xu , Chuang Xu , Tong Xu , Yuzi Yang , Aiqiang Zhang , Bin Zhang

Measurement of cosmic-ray muon flux at CJPL-II

In China Jinping Underground Laboratory (CJPL), the deepest and largest underground laboratory globally, the cosmic-ray muon flux is significantly reduced due to the substantial shielding provided by the overlying mountain. From 2016 to…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-11-17 P. Zhang , H. Ma , W. Dai , M. Jing , L. Yang , Q. Yue , Z. Zeng , J. Cheng

Measurement of Cosmic Ray Flux in China JinPing underground Laboratory

China JinPing underground Laboratory (CJPL) is the deepest underground laboratory presently running in the world. In such a deep underground laboratory, the cosmic ray flux is a very important and necessary parameter for rare event…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2020-11-26 Yu-Cheng Wu , Xi-Qing Hao , Qian Yue , Yuan-Jing LI , Jian-Ping Cheng , Ke-Jun Kang , Yun-Hua Chen , Jin Li , Jian-Min Li , Yu-Lan Li , Shu-Kui Liu , Hao Ma , Jin-Bao Ren , Man-Bin Shen , Ji-Min Wang , Shi-Yong Wu , Tao Xue , Nan YI , Xiong-Hui Zeng , Zhi Zeng , Zhong-Hua Zhu

Measurement of the fast neutron background at the China Jinping Underground Laboratory

We report on the measurements of the fluxes and spectra of the environmental fast neutron background at the China Jinping Underground Laboratory (CJPL) with a rock overburden of about 6700 meters water equivalent, using a liquid…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2018-03-07 Qiang Du , Shin-Ted Lin , Shu-Kui Liu , Chang-Jian Tang , Li Wang , Wei-Wei Wei , Henry T. Wong , Hao-Yang Xing , Qian Yue , Jing-Jun Zhu

Investigating Production of TeV-scale Muons in Extensive Air Shower at 2400 Meters Underground

Deep underground experiments present a new avenue to probe the first interactions in extensive air showers or hadronic interactions in the extreme forward phase space. The China Jinping Underground Laboratory, characterized by a vertical…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2026-04-02 Xinshun Zhang , Shaomin Chen , Wei Dou , Haoyang Fu , Guanghua Gong , Lei Guo , Ziyi Guo , XiangPan Ji , Jianmin Li , Jinjing Li , Bo Liang , Ye Liang , Qian Liu , Wentai Luo , Ming Qi , Wenhui Shao , Haozhe Sun , Jian Tang , Yuyi Wang , Zhe Wang , Changxu Wei , Jun Weng , Yiyang Wu , Benda Xu , Chuang Xu , Tong Xu , Tao Xue , Haoyan Yang , Yuzi Yang , Aiqiang Zhang , Bin Zhang , Yang Zhang , Zhicai Zhang , Lin Zhao , Yangheng Zheng

In-situ environmental radiation background measurement in the second phase of CJPL

China Jinping Underground Laboratory (CJPL), the deepest and largest underground laboratory worldwide, provides a low radiation background environment, which is necessary to frontier scientific research, such as the experimental studies of…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-11-17 P. Zhang , Z. Zeng , J. Cheng , H. Ma

Measurements of Radon Concentrations Using CR-39 Detectors in China JinPing Underground Laboratory (2015-2016)

Radon background is one of the most critical influences on the ultra-low background and rare-event physical experiments in underground laboratories. To conduct a comprehensive investigation of the radon concentrations in China JinPing…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2018-06-19 Cuihong Liu , Hao Ma , Zhi Zeng , Jianping Cheng , Junli Li , Hui Zhang

Performance of the 1-ton Prototype Neutrino Detector at CJPL-I

China Jinping Underground Laboratory provides an ideal site for solar, geo-, and supernova neutrino studies. With a prototype neutrino detector running since 2017, containing 1-ton liquid scintillator, we tested its experimental hardware,…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2023-06-07 Yiyang Wu , Jinjing Li , Shaomin Chen , Wei Dou , Lei Guo , Ziyi Guo , Ghulam Hussain , Ye Liang , Qian Liu , Guang Luo , Wentai Luo , Ming Qi , Wenhui Shao , Jian Tang , Linyan Wan , Zhe Wang , Benda Xu , Tong Xu , Weiran Xu , Yuzi Yang , Lin Zhao , Aiqiang Zhang , Bin Zhang

The second-phase development of the China JinPing underground Laboratory

During 2013-2015 an expansion of the China JinPing underground Laboratory (CJPL) will be undertaken along a main branch of a bypass tunnel in the JinPing tunnel complex. This second phase of CJPL will increase laboratory space to…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2014-04-29 Jainmin Li , Xiangdong Ji , Wick Haxton , Joseph S. Y. Wang

Characterizing CJPL's Site-Specific Neutrino Floor as the Neutrino Fog Boundary

The neutrino floor, a theoretical sensitivity limit for dark matter (DM) direct detections, is being redefined as the boundary of a dynamic ``neutrino fog", where neutrino signals become inevitable, obscuring DM detection due to the…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2025-08-20 Yingjie Fan , Xuewen Liu , Ning Zhou

Measurement of the Muon Flux at the Sanford Underground Research Facility with the LUX-ZEPLIN Dark Matter Detector

High-energy cosmic-ray muons reaching deep underground laboratories can cause events in detectors that mimic signals expected from dark matter particles, neutrinos, or rare decays. Knowledge of the muon flux and energy spectrum is important…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2026-02-20 D. S. Akerib , A. K. Al Musalhi , F. Alder , B. J. Almquist , C. S. Amarasinghe , A. Ames , T. J. Anderson , N. Angelides , H. M. Araújo , J. E. Armstrong , M. Arthurs , A. Baker , S. Balashov , J. Bang , J. W. Bargemann , E. E. Barillier , K. Beattie , A. Bhatti , T. P. Biesiadzinski , H. J. Birch , E. Bishop , G. M. Blockinger , C. A. J. Brew , P. Brás , S. Burdin , M. C. Carmona-Benitez , M. Carter , A. Chawla , H. Chen , Y. T. Chin , N. I. Chott , S. Contreras , M. V. Converse , R. Coronel , A. Cottle , G. Cox , D. Curran , C. E. Dahl , I. Darlington , S. Dave , A. David , J. Delgaudio , S. Dey , L. de Viveiros , L. Di Felice , C. Ding , J. E. Y. Dobson , E. Druszkiewicz , S. Dubey , C. L. Dunbar , S. R. Eriksen , N. M. Fearon , N. Fieldhouse , S. Fiorucci , H. Flaecher , E. D. Fraser , T. M. A. Fruth , P. W. Gaemers , R. J. Gaitskell , A. Geffre , J. Genovesi , C. Ghag , J. Ghamsari , A. Ghosh , R. Gibbons , S. Gokhale , J. Green , M. G. D. van der Grinten , J. J. Haiston , C. R. Hall , T. Hall , R. H. Hampp , S. J. Haselschwardt , M. A. Hernandez , S. A. Hertel , G. J. Homenides , M. Horn , D. Q. Huang , D. Hunt , R. S. James , E. Jacquet , K. Jenkins , A. C. Kaboth , A. C. Kamaha , M. K. Kannichankandy , D. Khaitan , A. Khazov , J. Kim , Y. D. Kim , D. Kodroff , E. V. Korolkova , H. Kraus , S. Kravitz , L. Kreczko , V. A. Kudryavtsev , C. Lawes , D. S. Leonard , K. T. Lesko , C. Levy , J. Lin , A. Lindote , W. H. Lippincott , J. Long , M. I. Lopes , W. Lorenzon , C. Lu , S. Luitz , V. Mahajan , P. A. Majewski , A. Manalaysay , R. L. Mannino , R. J. Matheson , C. Maupin , M. E. McCarthy , D. N. McKinsey , J. McLaughlin , J. B. Mclaughlin , R. McMonigle , B. Mitra , E. Mizrachi , M. E. Monzani , K. Morå , E. Morrison , B. J. Mount , M. Murdy , A. St. J. Murphy , H. N. Nelson , F. Neves , A. Nguyen , C. L. O'Brien , F. H. O'Shea , I. Olcina , K. C. Oliver-Mallory , J. Orpwood , K. Y. Oyulmaz , K. J. Palladino , N. J. Pannifer , N. Parveen , S. J. Patton , B. Penning , G. Pereira , E. Perry , T. Pershing , A. Piepke , S. S. Poudel , Y. Qie , J. Reichenbacher , C. A. Rhyne , G. R. C. Rischbieter , E. Ritchey , H. S. Riyat , R. Rosero , N. J. Rowe , T. Rushton , D. Rynders , S. Saltão , D. Santone , I. Sargeant , A. B. M. R. Sazzad , R. W. Schnee , G. Sehr , B. Shafer , S. Shaw , W. Sherman , K. Shi , T. Shutt , C. Silva , G. Sinev , J. Siniscalco , A. M. Slivar , R. Smith , V. N. Solovov , P. Sorensen , J. Soria , T. Stenhouse , T. J. Sumner , A. Swain , M. Szydagis , D. R. Tiedt , M. Timalsina , D. R. Tovey , J. Tranter , M. Trask , K. Trengove , M. Tripathi , A. Usón , A. C. Vaitkus , O. Valentino , V. Velan , A. Wang , J. J. Wang , Y. Wang , L. Weeldreyer , T. J. Whitis , K. Wild , M. Williams , J. Winnicki , L. Wolf , F. L. H. Wolfs , S. Woodford , D. Woodward , C. J. Wright , Q. Xia , J. Xu , Y. Xu , M. Yeh , D. Yeum , J. Young , W. Zha , H. Zhang , T. Zhang , Y. Zhou

JUNO Conceptual Design Report

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is proposed to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy using an underground liquid scintillator detector. It is located 53 km away from both Yangjiang and Taishan Nuclear Power Plants in…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2015-09-29 T. Adam , F. An , G. An , Q. An , N. Anfimov , V. Antonelli , G. Baccolo , M. Baldoncini , E. Baussan , M. Bellato , L. Bezrukov , D. Bick , S. Blyth , S. Boarin , A. Brigatti , T. Brugière , R. Brugnera , M. Buizza Avanzini , J. Busto , A. Cabrera , H. Cai , X. Cai , A. Cammi , D. Cao , G. Cao , J. Cao , J. Chang , Y. Chang , M. Chen , P. Chen , Q. Chen , S. Chen , S. Chen , S. Chen , X. Chen , Y. Chen , Y. Cheng , D. Chiesa , A. Chukanov , M. Clemenza , B. Clerbaux , D. D'Angelo , H. de Kerret , Z. Deng , Z. Deng , X. Ding , Y. Ding , Z. Djurcic , S. Dmitrievsky , M. Dolgareva , D. Dornic , E. Doroshkevich , M. Dracos , O. Drapier , S. Dusini , M. A. Díaz , T. Enqvist , D. Fan , C. Fang , J. Fang , X. Fang , L. Favart , D. Fedoseev , G. Fiorentini , R. Ford , A. Formozov , R. Gaigher , H. Gan , A. Garfagnini , G. Gaudiot , C. Genster , M. Giammarchi , F. Giuliani , M. Gonchar , G. Gong , H. Gong , M. Gonin , Y. Gornushkin , M. Grassi , C. Grewing , V. Gromov , M. Gu , M. Guan , V. Guarino , W. Guo , X. Guo , Y. Guo , M. Göger-Neff , P. Hackspacher , C. Hagner , R. Han , Z. Han , J. Hao , M. He , D. Hellgartner , Y. Heng , D. Hong , S. Hou , Y. Hsiung , B. Hu , J. Hu , S. Hu , T. Hu , W. Hu , H. Huang , X. Huang , X. Huang , L. Huo , W. Huo , A. Ioannisian , D. Ioannisyan , M. Jeitler , K. Jen , S. Jetter , X. Ji , X. Ji , S. Jian , D. Jiang , X. Jiang , C. Jollet , M. Kaiser , B. Kan , L. Kang , M. Karagounis , N. Kazarian , S. Kettell , D. Korablev , A. Krasnoperov , S. Krokhaleva , Z. Krumshteyn , A. Kruth , P. Kuusiniemi , T. Lachenmaier , L. Lei , R. Lei , X. Lei , R. Leitner , F. Lenz , C. Li , F. Li , F. Li , J. Li , N. Li , S. Li , T. Li , W. Li , W. Li , X. Li , X. Li , X. Li , X. Li , Y. Li , Y. Li , Z. Li , H. Liang , H. Liang , J. Liang , M. Licciardi , G. Lin , S. Lin , T. Lin , Y. Lin , I. Lippi , G. Liu , H. Liu , H. Liu , J. Liu , J. Liu , J. Liu , J. Liu , Q. Liu , Q. Liu , S. Liu , S. Liu , Y. Liu , P. Lombardi , Y. Long , S. Lorenz , C. Lu , F. Lu , H. Lu , J. Lu , J. Lu , J. Lu , B. Lubsandorzhiev , S. Lubsandorzhiev , L. Ludhova , F. Luo , S. Luo , Z. Lv , V. Lyashuk , Q. Ma , S. Ma , X. Ma , X. Ma , Y. Malyshkin , F. Mantovani , Y. Mao , S. Mari , D. Mayilyan , W. McDonough , G. Meng , A. Meregaglia , E. Meroni , M. Mezzetto , J. Min , L. Miramonti , M. Montuschi , N. Morozov , T. Mueller , P. Muralidharan , M. Nastasi , D. Naumov , E. Naumova , I. Nemchenok , Z. Ning , H. Nunokawa , L. Oberauer , J. P. Ochoa-Ricoux , A. Olshevskiy , F. Ortica , H. Pan , A. Paoloni , N. Parkalian , S. Parmeggiano , V. Pec , N. Pelliccia , H. Peng , P. Poussot , S. Pozzi , E. Previtali , S. Prummer , F. Qi , M. Qi , S. Qian , X. Qian , H. Qiao , Z. Qin , G. Ranucci , A. Re , B. Ren , J. Ren , T. Rezinko , B. Ricci , M. Robens , A. Romani , B. Roskovec , X. Ruan , X. Ruan , A. Rybnikov , A. Sadovsky , P. Saggese , G. Salamanna , J. Sawatzki , J. Schuler , A. Selyunin , G. Shi , J. Shi , Y. Shi , V. Sinev , C. Sirignano , M. Sisti , O. Smirnov , M. Soiron , A. Stahl , L. Stanco , J. Steinmann , V. Strati , G. Sun , X. Sun , Y. Sun , Y. Sun , D. Taichenachev , J. Tang , A. Tietzsch , I. Tkachev , W. H. Trzaska , Y. Tung , S. van Waasen , C. Volpe , V. Vorobel , L. Votano , C. Wang , C. Wang , C. Wang , G. Wang , H. Wang , M. Wang , R. Wang , S. Wang , W. Wang , W. Wang , Y. Wang , Y. Wang , Y. Wang , Y. Wang , Z. Wang , Z. Wang , Z. Wang , Z. Wang , Z. Wang , W. Wei , Y. Wei , M. Weifels , L. Wen , Y. Wen , C. Wiebusch , S. Wipperfurth , S. C. Wong , B. Wonsak , C. Wu , Q. Wu , Z. Wu , M. Wurm , J. Wurtz , Y. Xi , D. Xia , J. Xia , M. Xiao , Y. Xie , J. Xu , J. Xu , L. Xu , Y. Xu , B. Yan , X. Yan , C. Yang , C. Yang , H. Yang , L. Yang , M. Yang , Y. Yang , Y. Yang , Y. Yang , E. Yanovich , Y. Yao , M. Ye , X. Ye , U. Yegin , F. Yermia , Z. You , B. Yu , C. Yu , C. Yu , G. Yu , Z. Yu , Y. Yuan , Z. Yuan , M. Zanetti , P. Zeng , S. Zeng , T. Zeng , L. Zhan , C. Zhang , F. Zhang , G. Zhang , H. Zhang , J. Zhang , J. Zhang , J. Zhang , K. Zhang , P. Zhang , Q. Zhang , T. Zhang , X. Zhang , X. Zhang , Y. Zhang , Y. Zhang , Y. Zhang , Y. Zhang , Y. Zhang , Y. Zhang , Z. Zhang , Z. Zhang , J. Zhao , M. Zhao , T. Zhao , Y. Zhao , H. Zheng , M. Zheng , X. Zheng , Y. Zheng , W. Zhong , G. Zhou , J. Zhou , L. Zhou , N. Zhou , R. Zhou , S. Zhou , W. Zhou , X. Zhou , Y. Zhou , H. Zhu , K. Zhu , H. Zhuang , L. Zong , J. Zou

Cosmic-ray muon flux at Canfranc Underground Laboratory

Residual flux and angular distribution of high-energy cosmic muons have been measured in two underground locations at the Canfranc Underground Laboratory (LSC) using a dedicated Muon Monitor. The instrument consists of three layers of fast…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2019-07-19 Wladyslaw Henryk Trzaska , Maciej Slupecki , Iulian Bandac , Alberto Bayo , Alessandro Bettini , Leonid Bezrukov , Timo Enqvist , Almaz Fazliakhmetov , Aldo Ianni , Lev Inzhechik , Jari Joutsenvaara , Pasi Kuusiniemi , Kai Loo , Bayarto Lubsandorzhiev , Alexander Nozik , Carlos Peña Garay , Maria Poliakova

Neutron background measurements at China Jinping underground laboratory with a Bonner Multi-sphere Spectrometer

The neutron background spectrum from thermal neutron to 20 MeV fast neutron was measured at the first experimental hall of China Jinping underground laboratory with a Bonner multi-sphere spectrometer. The measurement system was validated by…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2017-04-26 Qingdong Hu , Hao Ma , Zhi Zeng , Jianping Cheng , Yunhua Chen , Shenming He , Junli Li , Manbin Shen , Shiyong Wu , Qian Yue , Jianfeng Yue , Hui Zhang

Letter of Intent: Jinping Neutrino Experiment

Jinping Neutrino Experiment (Jinping) is proposed to significantly improve measurements on solar neutrinos and geoneutrinos in China Jinping Laboratory - a lab with a number of unparalleled features, thickest overburden, lowest reactor…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2017-01-11 John F. Beacom , Shaomin Chen , Jianping Cheng , Sayed N. Doustimotlagh , Yuanning Gao , Shao-Feng Ge , Guanghua Gong , Hui Gong , Lei Guo , Ran Han , Xingtao Huang , Jianmin Li , Jin Li , Mohan Li , Xueqian Li , Guey-Lin Lin , Zuowei Liu , William McDonough , Jian Tang , Linyan Wan , Yuanqing Wang , Zhe Wang , Zongyi Wang , Hanyu Wei , Yufei Xi , Ye Xu , Zhenwei Yang , Chunfa Yao , Minfang Yeh , Qian Yue , Liming Zhang , Yang Zhang , Zhihong Zhao , Yangheng Zheng , Xiang Zhou , Xianglei Zhu , Kai Zuber

Measurements of muon flux at 1070 metres vertical depth in the Boulby underground laboratory

Measurements of cosmic-ray muon rates and energy deposition spectra in a one tonne liquid scintillator detector at 1070 metres vertical depth in the Boulby underground laboratory are discussed. In addition, the simulations used to model the…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2009-11-10 M. Robinson , V. A. Kudryavtsev , R. Luscher , J. E. McMillan , P. K. Lightfoot , N. J. C. Spooner , N. J. T. Smith , I. Liubarsky

Muon shower vertex reconstruction with waveform information in JUNO

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a 20 kton liquid scintillator detector currently being built in a dedicated underground laboratory in China. It is a multi-purpose underground experiment with a physics program…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2022-03-02 Yongpeng Zhang

Mountain muon tomography using a liquid scintillator detector

Muon tomography (MT), based on atmospheric cosmic rays, is a promising technique suitable for nondestructive imaging of the internal structures of mountains. This method uses the measured flux distribution after attenuation, combined with…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2022-12-27 Bin Zhang , Zhe Wang , Shaomin Chen

Cosmic Muon Flux Measurements at the Kimballton Underground Research Facility

In this article, the results from a series of muon flux measurements conducted at the Kimballton Underground Research Facility (KURF), Virginia, United States, are presented. The detector employed for these investigations, is made of…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2014-09-15 L. N. Kalousis , E. Guarnaccia , J. M. Link , C. Mariani , R. Pelkey