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Related papers: The Kolmogorov-Arnold representation theorem revis…

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Deep neural networks implement a sequence of layer-by-layer operations that are each relatively easy to understand, but the resulting overall computation is generally difficult to understand. We consider a simple hypothesis for interpreting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-29 Richard D. Lange , Devin Kwok , Jordan Matelsky , Xinyue Wang , David S. Rolnick , Konrad P. Kording

In this work, we show that neural networks can be represented via the mathematical theory of quiver representations. More specifically, we prove that a neural network is a quiver representation with activation functions, a mathematical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-24 Marco Antonio Armenta , Pierre-Marc Jodoin

This paper proposes a unified theoretical framework based on the Kolmogorov-Arnold representation theorem and kernel methods. By analyzing the mathematical relationship among kernels, B-spline basis functions in Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Jianpeng Liu , Qizhi Pan

Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (KANs) uniquely combine high accuracy with interpretability, making them valuable for scientific modeling. However, it is unclear a priori how deep a network needs to be for any given task, and deeper KANs can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-22 James Bagrow , Josh Bongard

For years, many neural networks have been developed based on the Kolmogorov-Arnold Representation Theorem (KART), which was created to address Hilbert's 13th problem. Recently, relying on KART, Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (KANs) have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Hoang-Thang Ta , Duy-Quy Thai , Phuong-Linh Tran-Thi

A possible path to the interpretability of neural networks is to (approximately) represent them in the regional format of piecewise linear functions, where regions of inputs are associated to linear functions computing the network outputs.…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Sandro Preto , Marcelo Finger

Inspired by the Kolmogorov-Arnold representation theorem, we propose Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (KANs) as promising alternatives to Multi-Layer Perceptrons (MLPs). While MLPs have fixed activation functions on nodes ("neurons"), KANs have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Ziming Liu , Yixuan Wang , Sachin Vaidya , Fabian Ruehle , James Halverson , Marin Soljačić , Thomas Y. Hou , Max Tegmark

Deep neural networks use multiple layers of functions to map an object represented by an input vector progressively to different representations, and with sufficient training, eventually to a single score for each class that is the output…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-02 Tin Kam Ho

We develop a corrective mechanism for neural network approximation: the total available non-linear units are divided into multiple groups and the first group approximates the function under consideration, the second group approximates the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-23 Guy Bresler , Dheeraj Nagaraj

We explicitly construct an approximate version of the Kolmogorov superpositions, which is composed of C2-inner and outer functions, and can approximate an arbitrary alpha Holder continuous function with accuracy of N to the power -alpha,…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-05-19 Lunji Song , Zilan Cheng , Juan Diego Toscano , Li-Lian Wang

Neural networks and rational functions efficiently approximate each other. In more detail, it is shown here that for any ReLU network, there exists a rational function of degree $O(\text{polylog}(1/\epsilon))$ which is $\epsilon$-close, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-06-13 Matus Telgarsky

The Kolmogorov-Arnold Theorem (KAT), or more generally, the Kolmogorov Superposition Theorem (KST), establishes that any non-linear multivariate function can be exactly represented as a finite superposition of non-linear univariate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Francesco Alesiani , Takashi Maruyama , Henrik Christiansen , Viktor Zaverkin

Deep neural networks are widely known for their remarkable effectiveness across various tasks, with the consensus that deeper networks implicitly learn more complex data representations. This paper shows that sufficiently deep networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Wojciech Masarczyk , Mateusz Ostaszewski , Ehsan Imani , Razvan Pascanu , Piotr Miłoś , Tomasz Trzciński

In this paper we investigate the family of functions representable by deep neural networks (DNN) with rectified linear units (ReLU). We give an algorithm to train a ReLU DNN with one hidden layer to *global optimality* with runtime…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-03-01 Raman Arora , Amitabh Basu , Poorya Mianjy , Anirbit Mukherjee

In this work, we propose a modified Hybrid Parallel Kolmogorov--Arnold Network and Multilayer Perceptron Physics-Informed Neural Network to overcome the high-frequency and multiscale challenges inherent in Physics-Informed Neural Networks.…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-11-27 Qiumei Huang , Xu Wang , Yu Zhao

The paper briefy reviews several recent results on hierarchical architectures for learning from examples, that may formally explain the conditions under which Deep Convolutional Neural Networks perform much better in function approximation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-08-12 Hrushikesh Mhaskar , Tomaso Poggio

This paper explores alternative formulations of the Kolmogorov Superposition Theorem (KST) as a foundation for neural network design. The original KST formulation, while mathematically elegant, presents practical challenges due to its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Leonardo Ferreira Guilhoto , Paris Perdikaris

The research undertakes a comprehensive comparative analysis of Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (KAN) and Multi-Layer Perceptrons (MLP), highlighting their effectiveness in solving essential computational challenges like nonlinear function…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Aradhya Gaonkar , Nihal Jain , Vignesh Chougule , Nikhil Deshpande , Sneha Varur , Channabasappa Muttal

Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (KANs) introduce a paradigm of neural modeling that implements learnable functions on the edges of the networks, diverging from the traditional node-centric activations in neural networks. This work assesses the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Basim Azam , Naveed Akhtar

Implicit neural representation (INR) models signals as continuous functions using neural networks, offering efficient and differentiable optimization for inverse problems across diverse disciplines. However, the representational capacity of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Zhicheng Cai , Hao Zhu , Linsen Chen , Qiu Shen , Xun Cao