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We study the model-checking problem for first- and monadic second-order logic on finite relational structures. The problem of verifying whether a formula of these logics is true on a given structure is considered intractable in general, but…

We study logical limit laws for preferential attachment random graphs. In this random graph model, vertices and edges are introduced recursively: at time $1$, we start with vertices $0,1$ and $m$ edges between them. At step $n+1$ the vertex…

Probability · Mathematics 2021-08-19 Yury Malyshkin

We consider linear preferential attachment trees which are specific scale-free trees also known as (random) plane-oriented recursive trees. Starting with a linear preferential attachment tree of size $n$ we show that repeatedly applying a…

Probability · Mathematics 2016-11-22 Helmut H. Pitters

We explore from an algebraic viewpoint the properties of the tree languages definable with a first-order formula involving the ancestor predicate, using the description of these languages as those recognized by iterated block products of…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2018-12-06 Martin Beaudry

We prove that the theory of Monadic Second-Order logic (MSO) of the infinite binary tree extended with qualitative path-measure quantifier is undecidable. This quantifier says that the set of infinite paths in the tree that satisfies some…

We introduce a new model of random tree that grows like a random recursive tree, except at some exceptional "doubling events" when the tree is replaced by two copies of itself attached to a new root. We prove asymptotic results for the size…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-12-08 Jakob E. Björnberg , Cécile Mailler

A uniform attachment tree is a random tree that is generated dynamically. Starting from a fixed "seed" tree, vertices are added sequentially by attaching each vertex to an existing vertex chosen uniformly at random. Upon observing a large…

Probability · Mathematics 2018-01-08 Gabor Lugosi , Alan S. Pereira

Finite 1-safe Petri nets, also called \emph{net systems}, are natural models of asynchronous concurrency. The event structure of a net system describes all its possible executions and their concurrent nature: two events may be causally…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-04-13 Hugo Gimbert

We address questions of logic and expressibility in the context of random rooted trees. Infiniteness of a rooted tree is not expressible as a first order sentence, but is expressible as an existential monadic second order sentence (EMSO).…

Probability · Mathematics 2017-06-21 Alexander E. Holroyd , Avi Levy , Moumanti Podder , Joel Spencer

In this note we consider the $k$th level of the uniform random recursive tree after $n$ steps, and prove that the proportion of nodes with degree greater than $t\log n$ converges to $(1-t)^k$ almost surely, as $n\to\infty$, for every…

Probability · Mathematics 2011-12-07 Ágnes Backhausz , Tamás F. Móri

We prove limit theorems for sums of functions of subtrees of binary search trees and random recursive trees. In particular, we give simple new proofs of the fact that the number of fringe trees of size $ k=k_n $ in the binary search tree…

Probability · Mathematics 2014-06-27 Cecilia Holmgren , Svante Janson

Monadic second order logic is the expansion of first order logic by quantifiers ranging over unary relations. We study the shared monadic second order theory of finite linear orders, i.e. the pseudofinite monadic second order theory of…

Logic · Mathematics 2021-05-27 Deacon Linkhorn

Given an $\mathbb{N}$-weighted tree automaton, we give a decision procedure for exponential vs polynomial growth (with respect to the input size) in quadratic time, and an algorithm that computes the exact polynomial degree of growth in…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Paul Gallot , Nathan Lhote , Lê Thành Dũng Nguyên

We give an algorithm to enumerate the results on trees of monadic second-order (MSO) queries represented by nondeterministic tree automata. After linear time preprocessing (in the input tree), we can enumerate answers with linear delay (in…

Databases · Computer Science 2019-08-28 Antoine Amarilli , Pierre Bourhis , Stefan Mengel , Matthias Niewerth

An order-theoretic forest is a countable partial order such that the set of elements larger than any element is linearly ordered. It is an order-theoretic tree if any two elements have an upper-bound. The order type of a branch can be any…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Bruno Courcelle

We consider complex Mandelbrot multiplicative cascades on a random weigh\-ted tree. Under suitable assumptions, this yields a dynamics $\T$ on laws invariant by random weighted means (the so called fixed points of smoothing transformations)…

Probability · Mathematics 2014-12-24 Julien Barral , Jacques Peyrière

One of Courcelle's celebrated results states that if C is a class of graphs of bounded tree-width, then model-checking for monadic second order logic (MSO_2) is fixed-parameter tractable (fpt) on C by linear time parameterized algorithms,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-07-01 Stephan Kreutzer

We identify the mean growth of the independence number of random binary search trees and random recursive trees and show normal fluctuations around their means. Similarly we also show normal limit laws for the domination number and…

Probability · Mathematics 2020-02-12 Michael Fuchs , Cecilia Holmgren , Dieter Mitsche , Ralph Neininger

We study trees where each successor set is equipped with some additional structure. We introduce a family of automaton models for such trees and prove their equivalence to certain fixed-point logics. As a consequence we obtain…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Achim Blumensath

A characterization is provided for each natural number except one (1) by means of an ordered pair of elements. The first element is a natural number called the type of the natural number characterized, and the second is a natural number…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-02-24 Osvaldo Skliar , Sherry Gapper , Ricardo E. Monge