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Bell inequality violations are often taken as evidence that quantum nonlocality guarantees intrinsic randomness, effectively playing the role of a "dice" at the heart of many device-independent cryptographic protocols. We show that there…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-11 Ravishankar Ramanathan , Yuan Liu , Stefano Pironio

A locally causal hidden-variable theory of quantum physics need not be constrained by the Bell inequalities if this theory also partially violates the measurement independence condition. However, such violation can appear unphysical,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-02-26 T. N. Palmer

The violation of a Bell inequality is the paradigmatic example of device-independent quantum information: the nonclassicality of the data is certified without the knowledge of the functioning of devices. In practice, however, all Bell…

The self-testing protocols refer to novel device-independent certification schemes wherein the devices are uncharacterised, and the dimension of the system remains unspecified. The optimal quantum violation of a Bell's inequality…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-21 Rajdeep Paul , Souradeep Sasmal , A. K. Pan

In the last decade research of quantum nonlocality has moved beyond the regime of standard Bell nonlocality to consider network-based experimental set-ups involving multiple independent sources. Notion of full network nonlocality has…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-23 Kaushiki Mukherjee

In this paper we investigate properties of several randomness generation protocols in the device independent framework. Using Bell-type inequalities it is possible to certify that the numbers generated by an untrusted device are indeed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-09-25 Piotr Mironowicz , Marcin Pawłowski

Why do correlations between the results of measurements performed on physical systems violate Bell and non-contextuality inequalities up to some specific limits? The answer may follow from the observation that in quantum theory, unlike in…

In a recent note, Hance and Hossenfelder (arXiv:2211.01331) recall that "locally causal completions of quantum mechanics are possible, if they violate the assumption [called statistical independence or measurement independence] that the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-15 Adán Cabello

We present a device-independent protocol to test if a given black-box measurement device is entangled, that is, has entangled eigenstates. Our scheme involves three parties and is inspired by entanglement swapping; the test uses the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-08-03 Rafael Rabelo , Melvyn Ho , Daniel Cavalcanti , Nicolas Brunner , Valerio Scarani

On the basis of local realism theory, nonlocal information is necessary for violation of Bell's inequality. From a theoretical point of view, nonlocal information is essentially the mutual information on distant outcome and measurement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-02-02 Yang Xiang , Shi-Jie Xiong

In this Letter, we explore the possibility of developing Bell inequalities predicated on models using a single Local Hidden Variable (s-LHV), a strict subset of general LHV models. Because of the less strenuous constraints imposed by s-LHV…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-03-02 James Schneeloch , Christopher C. Tison , Paul M. Alsing

Understanding the physical world fundamentally relies on the assumption that events are temporally ordered, with past events serving as causes for future ones. However, quantum mechanics permits events to occur in a superposition of causal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-07 Dengke Qu , Quan Lin , Lei Xiao , Xiang Zhan , Peng Xue

The precision with which we can measure operators that do not commute with conserved quantities is limited by the need to preserve the associated global symmetries. We show how to construct a local hidden-variable model that violates Bell…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-11 Alejandro J. Garza , Jonte R. Hance

In a Bell test, the set of observed probability distributions complying with the principle of local realism is fully characterized by Bell inequalities. Quantum theory allows for a violation of these inequalities, which is famously regarded…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-01 Mariami Gachechiladze , Bartłomiej Bąk , Marcin Pawłowski , Nikolai Miklin

A deterministic, relativistically local and thus classical Bell-type apparatus is reported that violates the Bell-CHSH inequality by introducing a simple local memory element in the detector and by requiring the detector combinations to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Frederick H. Willeboordse

Correlations that violate a Bell Inequality are said to be nonlocal, i.e. they do not admit a local and deterministic explanation. Great effort has been devoted to study how the amount of nonlocality (as measured by a Bell inequality…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-04-28 Gonzalo de la Torre , Matty J. Hoban , Chirag Dhara , Giuseppe Prettico , Antonio Acín

Bell inequalities rely on an assumption that the probabilities of adopting configurations of hidden variables describing a system prior to measurement are independent of the choice of measured physical property, also known as measurement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-05 Sophia M. Walls , Ian J. Ford

Entanglement swapping entangles two particles that have never interacted[1], which implicitly assumes that each particle carries an independent local hidden variable, i.e., the presence of bilocality[2]. Previous experimental studies of…

We discuss Bell nonlocality in quantum networks with unreliable sources. Our main result is a condition on the observed data which ensures that inconclusive events can be safely discarded, without introducing any loophole. More formally, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-11 Sadra Boreiri , Nicolas Brunner , Pavel Sekatski

The entanglement and the violation of Bell and CHSH inequalities in spin polarization correlation experiments (SPCE) is considered to be one of the biggest mysteries of Nature and is called quantum nonlocality. In this paper we show once…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-10-29 Marian Kupczynski