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Nonlocality is one of the most important resources for quantum information protocols. The observation of nonlocal correlations in a Bell experiment is the result of appropriately chosen measurements and quantum states. We quantify the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-21 Lucas Tendick , Hermann Kampermann , Dagmar Bruß

The no-signaling constraints state that the probability distribution of the outputs of any subset of parties is independent of the inputs of the complementary set; here we re-examine these to see how they arise from relativistic causality.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-04-30 Paweł Horodecki , Ravishankar Ramanathan

The Bell inequality constrains the outcomes of measurements on pairs of distant entangled particles. The Bell contradiction states that the Bell inequality is inconsistent with the calculated outcomes of these quantum experiments. This…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-03 Kees van Hee , Kees van Berkel , Jan de Graaf

The violation of Bell inequality not only provides the most radical departure of quantum theory from classical concepts, but also paves the way of applications in such as device independent randomness certification. Here, we derive the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-24 Youwang Xiao , Xinhui Li , Jing Wang , Ming Li , Shao-Ming Fei

A local and deterministic model of quantum correlations is always possible, as shown explicitly by Brans in 1988: one simply needs the physical systems being measured to have a suitable statistical correlation with the physical systems…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-06-02 Michael J. W. Hall

If nonlocality is to be inferred from a violation of Bell's inequality, an important assumption is that the measurement settings are freely chosen by the observers, or alternatively, that they are random and uncorrelated with the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-05-29 Jonathan Barrett , Nicolas Gisin

Environmental influences are typical in any practical situation which in turn can have fatal effects on quantum resources. Bell nonlocality is such an important resource. Some environmental interactions can lead to nonlocality being lost.…

A Bell test can rule out local realistic models, and has potential applications in communications and information tasks. For example, a Bell inequality violation can certify the presence of intrinsic randomness in measurement outcomes,…

Quantum measurements are crucial for quantum technologies and give rise to some of the most classically counter-intuitive quantum phenomena. As such, the ability to certify the presence of genuinely non-classical joint measurements in a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-05-13 Ciarán M. Lee

Bell or Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) tests on superconducting quantum processors are commonly interpreted under the assumption that repeated circuit executions sample a single, stationary preparation ensemble. Here we show that this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-14 Prosanta Pal , Shubhanshu Karoliya , Gargee Sharma , Ramakrishna Podila

In classical physics, events follow a definite causal order: the past influences the future, but not the reverse. Quantum theory, however, permits superpositions of causal orders -- so-called indefinite causal orders -- which can provide…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-29 Carla M. D. Richter , Michael Antesberger , Huan Cao , Philip Walther , Lee A. Rozema

There are bipartite quantum nonlocal correlations requiring very low detection efficiency to reach the loophole-free regime but that need too many measurement settings to be practical for actual experiments. This leads to the general…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-09 Jaskaran Singh , Adán Cabello

Collective measurements on large quantum systems together with a majority voting strategy can lead to a violation of the CHSH Bell inequality. In presence of many entangled pairs, this violation decreases quickly with the number of pairs,…

Unsharp measurements are widely seen as the key resource for recycling the nonlocality of an entangled state shared between several sequential observers. Contrasting this, we here show that nonlocality can be recycled using only standard…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-04 Anna Steffinlongo , Armin Tavakoli

A quantum state can be characterized from the violation of a Bell inequality. The well-known CHSH inequality for example can be used to quantify the fidelity (up to local isometries) of the measured state with respect to the singlet state.…

The use of Bell's theorem in any application or experiment relies on the assumption of free choice or, more precisely, measurement independence, meaning that the measurements can be chosen freely. Here, we prove that even in the simplest…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-11-25 Gilles Pütz , Denis Rosset , Tomer Jack Barnea , Yeong-Cherng Liang , Nicolas Gisin

Bell inequalities may only be derived, if hidden variables do not depend on the experimental settings. The stochastic independence of hidden and setting variables is called: freedom of choice, free will, measurement independence or no…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-01 Marian Kupczynski

The degree of experimentally attainable nonlocality, as gauged by the loophole-free or effective violation of Bell inequalities, remains severely limited due to inefficient detectors. We address an experimentally motivated question: Which…

The only information available about an alleged source of entangled quantum states is the amount $S$ by which the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality is violated: nothing is known about the nature of the system or the measurements…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-12-19 C. -E. Bardyn , T. C. H. Liew , S. Massar , M. McKague , V. Scarani

In this work we investigate the probability of violation of local realism under random measurements in parallel with the strength of these violations as described by resistance to white noise admixture. We address multisetting Bell…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-22 Anna de Rosier , Jacek Gruca , Fernando Parisio , Tamas Vertesi , Wieslaw Laskowski