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Even in recent neural network architectures such as Transformers and Extended LSTM (xLSTM), and traditional ones like Convolutional Neural Networks, Activation Functions are an integral part of nearly all neural networks. They enable more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Matias Roodschild , Jorge Gotay-Sardiñas , Victor A. Jimenez , Adrian Will

ReLU, a commonly used activation function in deep neural networks, is prone to the issue of "Dying ReLU". Several enhanced versions, such as ELU, SeLU, and Swish, have been introduced and are considered to be less commonly utilized.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Jamshaid Ul Rahman , Rubiqa Zulfiqar , Asad Khan , Nimra

Nonlinear activation functions are widely recognized for enhancing the expressivity of neural networks, which is the primary reason for their widespread implementation. In this work, we focus on ReLU activation and reveal a novel and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Chaoyue Liu , Han Bi , Like Hui , Xiao Liu

This paper analyses both nonlinear activation functions and spatial max-pooling for Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNNs) by means of the algebraic basis of mathematical morphology. Additionally, a general family of activation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-15 Santiago Velasco-Forero , Jesús Angulo

This paper explores the topological signatures of ReLU neural network activation patterns. We consider feedforward neural networks with ReLU activation functions and analyze the polytope decomposition of the feature space induced by the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Vicente Bosca , Tatum Rask , Sunia Tanweer , Andrew R. Tawfeek , Branden Stone

Traditional Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) typically use the same activation function (usually ReLU) for all neurons with non-linear mapping operations. For example, the deep convolutional architecture Inception-v4 uses ReLU. To…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-05-31 Luna M. Zhang

Spatial optimization is often overlooked in many computer vision tasks. Filters should be able to recognize the features of an object regardless of where it is in the image. Similarity search is a crucial task where spatial features decide…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-11 Md. Farhadul Islam , Md. Tanzim Reza , Meem Arafat Manab , Mohammad Rakibul Hasan Mahin , Sarah Zabeen , Jannatun Noor

In the era of Deep Neural Network based solutions for a variety of real-life tasks, having a compact and energy-efficient deployable model has become fairly important. Most of the existing deep architectures use Rectifier Linear Unit (ReLU)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-02 Nancy Nayak , Sheetal Kalyani

Rectified linear units (ReLU) are commonly used in deep neural networks. So far ReLU and its generalizations (non-parametric or parametric) are static, performing identically for all input samples. In this paper, we propose dynamic ReLU…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-08-06 Yinpeng Chen , Xiyang Dai , Mengchen Liu , Dongdong Chen , Lu Yuan , Zicheng Liu

Recent advances in implicit function-based approaches have shown promising results in 3D human reconstruction from a single RGB image. However, these methods are not sufficient to extend to more general cases, often generating dragged or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-29 Byoungsung Lim , Seong-Whan Lee

We analyze a simple one-hidden-layer neural network with ReLU activation functions and fixed biases, with one-dimensional input and output. We study both continuous and discrete versions of the model, and we rigorously prove the convergence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Fabricio Macià , Shu Nakamura

While it is well-known that neural networks enjoy excellent approximation capabilities, it remains a big challenge to compute such approximations from point samples. Based on tools from Information-based complexity, recent work by Grohs and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-22 Ahmed Abdeljawad , Philipp Grohs

Multimodal features play a key role in wearable sensor based Human Activity Recognition (HAR). Selecting the most salient features adaptively is a promising way to maximize the effectiveness of multimodal sensor data. In this regard, we…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2017-11-22 Kaixuan Chen , Lina Yao , Tao Gu , Zhiwen Yu , Xianzhi Wang , Dalin Zhang

Exploiting activation sparsity is a promising approach to significantly accelerating the inference process of large language models (LLMs) without compromising performance. However, activation sparsity is determined by activation functions,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Yixin Song , Haotong Xie , Zhengyan Zhang , Bo Wen , Li Ma , Zeyu Mi , Haibo Chen

Activation functions play a key role in providing remarkable performance in deep neural networks, and the rectified linear unit (ReLU) is one of the most widely used activation functions. Various new activation functions and improvements on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-27 Yang Liu , Jianpeng Zhang , Chao Gao , Jinghua Qu , Lixin Ji

Activation functions are essential to introduce nonlinearity into neural networks, with the Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) often favored for its simplicity and effectiveness. Motivated by the structural similarity between a shallow…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Jiayun Li , Yuxiao Cheng , Yiwen Lu , Zhuofan Xia , Yilin Mo , Gao Huang

Understanding functionalities in 3D scenes involves interpreting natural language descriptions to locate functional interactive objects, such as handles and buttons, in a 3D environment. Functionality understanding is highly challenging, as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Jaime Corsetti , Francesco Giuliari , Alice Fasoli , Davide Boscaini , Fabio Poiesi

Well-known activation functions like ReLU or Leaky ReLU are non-differentiable at the origin. Over the years, many smooth approximations of ReLU have been proposed using various smoothing techniques. We propose new smooth approximations of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Koushik Biswas , Sandeep Kumar , Shilpak Banerjee , Ashish Kumar Pandey

We propose \textbf{ULU}, a novel non-monotonic, piecewise activation function defined as $\{f(x;\alpha_1),x<0; f(x;\alpha_2),x>=0 \}$, where $f(x;\alpha)=0.5x(tanh(\alpha x)+1),\alpha >0$. ULU treats positive and negative inputs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Simin Huo

Among the existing modalities for 3D action recognition, 3D flow has been poorly examined, although conveying rich motion information cues for human actions. Presumably, its susceptibility to noise renders it intractable, thus challenging…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-26 Vasileios Magoulianitis , Athanasios Psaltis