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On-device training is essential for user personalisation and privacy. With the pervasiveness of IoT devices and microcontroller units (MCUs), this task becomes more challenging due to the constrained memory and compute resources, and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Young D. Kwon , Rui Li , Stylianos I. Venieris , Jagmohan Chauhan , Nicholas D. Lane , Cecilia Mascolo

Transfer learning on edge is challenging due to on-device limited resources. Existing work addresses this issue by training a subset of parameters or adding model patches. Developed with inference in mind, Inverted Residual Blocks (IRBs)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Hung-Yueh Chiang , Natalia Frumkin , Feng Liang , Diana Marculescu

On-device training enables the model to adapt to new data collected from the sensors by fine-tuning a pre-trained model. Users can benefit from customized AI models without having to transfer the data to the cloud, protecting the privacy.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Ji Lin , Ligeng Zhu , Wei-Ming Chen , Wei-Chen Wang , Chuang Gan , Song Han

A new algorithm for incremental learning in the context of Tiny Machine learning (TinyML) is presented, which is optimized for low-performance and energy efficient embedded devices. TinyML is an emerging field that deploys machine learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Marcus Rüb , Philipp Tuchel , Axel Sikora , Daniel Mueller-Gritschneder

Recent works on parameter-efficient transfer learning (PETL) show the potential to adapt a pre-trained Vision Transformer to downstream recognition tasks with only a few learnable parameters. However, since they usually insert new…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Taolin Zhang , Jiawang Bai , Zhihe Lu , Dongze Lian , Genping Wang , Xinchao Wang , Shu-Tao Xia

Recent advancements in machine learning (ML) have enabled its deployment on resource-constrained edge devices, fostering innovative applications such as intelligent environmental sensing. However, these devices, particularly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Yi Hu , Jinhang Zuo , Eddie Zhang , Bob Iannucci , Carlee Joe-Wong

In the last few years, research and development on Deep Learning models and techniques for ultra-low-power devices in a word, TinyML has mainly focused on a train-then-deploy assumption, with static models that cannot be adapted to newly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Leonardo Ravaglia , Manuele Rusci , Davide Nadalini , Alessandro Capotondi , Francesco Conti , Luca Benini

Training deep neural networks using backpropagation is very memory and computationally intensive. This makes it difficult to run on-device learning or fine-tune neural networks on tiny, embedded devices such as low-power micro-controller…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Marcus Rüb , Daniel Maier , Daniel Mueller-Gritschneder , Axel Sikora

Transfer learning (TL) leverages previously obtained knowledge to learn new tasks efficiently and has been used to train deep learning (DL) models with limited amount of data. When TL is applied to DL, pretrained (teacher) models are…

Recent advances in Tiny Machine Learning (TinyML) empower low-footprint embedded devices for real-time on-device Machine Learning. While many acknowledge the potential benefits of TinyML, its practical implementation presents unique…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-17 Haoyu Ren , Xue Li , Darko Anicic , Thomas A. Runkler

Tiny machine learning (TinyML) is a rapidly growing field aiming to democratize machine learning (ML) for resource-constrained microcontrollers (MCUs). Given the pervasiveness of these tiny devices, it is inherent to ask whether TinyML…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-12 Haoyu Ren , Darko Anicic , Thomas A. Runkler

Tiny machine learning (TinyML), executing AI workloads on resource and power strictly restricted systems, is an important and challenging topic. This brief firstly presents an extremely tiny backbone to construct high efficiency CNN models…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-02 Kunran Xu , Huawei Zhang , Yishi Li , Yuhao Zhang , Rui Lai , Yi Liu

Vision transformer (ViT) recently has drawn great attention in computer vision due to its remarkable model capability. However, most prevailing ViT models suffer from huge number of parameters, restricting their applicability on devices…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-22 Kan Wu , Jinnian Zhang , Houwen Peng , Mengchen Liu , Bin Xiao , Jianlong Fu , Lu Yuan

TinyML has rose to popularity in an era where data is everywhere. However, the data that is in most demand is subject to strict privacy and security guarantees. In addition, the deployment of TinyML hardware in the real world has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Kavya Kopparapu , Eric Lin

On-device tuning of deep neural networks enables long-term adaptation at the edge while preserving data privacy. However, the high computational and memory demands of backpropagation pose significant challenges for ultra-low-power,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Run Wang , Victor J. B. Jung , Philip Wiese , Francesco Conti , Alessio Burrello , Luca Benini

The deployment of transformer-based models on resource-constrained edge devices represents a critical challenge in enabling real-time artificial intelligence applications. This comprehensive survey examines lightweight transformer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Hema Hariharan Samson

To facilitate the evolution of edge intelligence in ever-changing environments, we study on-device incremental learning constrained in limited computation resource in this paper. Current on-device training methods just focus on efficient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-04 Dingwen Zhang , Yan Li , De Cheng , Nannan Wang , Junwei Han

Extreme edge devices or Internet-of-thing nodes require both ultra-low power always-on processing as well as the ability to do on-demand sampling and processing. Moreover, support for IoT applications like voice recognition, machine…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-01-24 Vikram Jain , Sebastian Giraldo , Jaro De Roose , Linyan Mei , Bert Boons , Marian Verhelst

Tiny Machine Learning (TinyML) algorithms have seen extensive use in recent years, enabling wearable devices to be not only connected but also genuinely intelligent by running machine learning (ML) computations directly on-device. Among…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Massimo Pavan , Claudio Galimberti , Manuel Roveri

This letter introduces an energy-efficient pull-based data collection framework for Internet of Things (IoT) devices that use Tiny Machine Learning (TinyML) to interpret data queries. A TinyML model is transmitted from the edge server to…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Junya Shiraishi , Mathias Thorsager , Shashi Raj Pandey , Petar Popovski
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