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Integrated Gradients (IG) is a widely used attribution method in explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). In this paper, we introduce Path-Weighted Integrated Gradients (PWIG), a generalization of IG that incorporates a customizable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Firuz Kamalov , Mohmad Al Falasi , Fadi Thabtah

Integrated Gradients (IG) is a common explainability technique to address the black-box problem of neural networks. Integrated gradients assumes continuous data. Graphs are discrete structures making IG ill-suited to graphs. In this work,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Lachlan Simpson , Kyle Millar , Adriel Cheng , Cheng-Chew Lim , Hong Gunn Chew

Integrated Gradients (IG) is a commonly used feature attribution method for deep neural networks. While IG has many desirable properties, the method often produces spurious/noisy pixel attributions in regions that are not related to the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-21 Andrei Kapishnikov , Subhashini Venugopalan , Besim Avci , Ben Wedin , Michael Terry , Tolga Bolukbasi

Integrated Gradients (IG), a widely used axiomatic path-based attribution method, assigns importance scores to input features by integrating model gradients along a straight path from a baseline to the input. While effective in some cases,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Sina Salek , Joseph Enguehard

Deep neural networks have produced significant progress among machine learning models in terms of accuracy and functionality, but their inner workings are still largely unknown. Attribution methods seek to shine a light on these "black box"…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-27 Daniel Lundstrom , Meisam Razaviyayn

Integrated Gradients (IG) is a widely used attribution method in explainable AI, particularly in computer vision applications where reliable feature attribution is essential. A key limitation of IG is its sensitivity to the choice of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-11-21 Kien Tran Duc Tuan , Tam Nguyen Trong , Son Nguyen Hoang , Khoat Than , Anh Nguyen Duc

Feature attribution explains Artificial Intelligence (AI) at the instance level by providing importance scores of input features' contributions to model prediction. Integrated Gradients (IG) is a prominent path attribution method for deep…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Yue Zhuo , Zhiqiang Ge

We introduce Generalized Integrated Gradients (GIG), a formal extension of the Integrated Gradients (IG) (Sundararajan et al., 2017) method for attributing credit to the input variables of a predictive model. GIG improves IG by explaining a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-10 John Merrill , Geoff Ward , Sean Kamkar , Jay Budzik , Douglas Merrill

Attribution algorithms are frequently employed to explain the decisions of neural network models. Integrated Gradients (IG) is an influential attribution method due to its strong axiomatic foundation. The algorithm is based on integrating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Chase Walker , Sumit Jha , Kenny Chen , Rickard Ewetz

We provide rigorous proofs that the Integrated Gradients (IG) attribution method for deep networks satisfies completeness and symmetry-preserving properties. We also study the uniqueness of IG as a path method preserving symmetry.

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-26 Miguel Lerma , Mirtha Lucas

Deep learning has become the standard approach for most machine learning tasks. While its impact is undeniable, interpreting the predictions of deep learning models from a human perspective remains a challenge. In contrast to model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-13 Kyriakos Axiotis , Sami Abu-al-haija , Lin Chen , Matthew Fahrbach , Gang Fu

As a prominent attribution-based explanation algorithm, Integrated Gradients (IG) is widely adopted due to its desirable explanation axioms and the ease of gradient computation. It measures feature importance by averaging the model's output…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-01 Soumya Sanyal , Xiang Ren

Feature attribution is central to diagnosing and trusting deep neural networks, and Integrated Gradients (IG) is widely used due to its axiomatic properties. However, IG can yield unreliable explanations when the integration path between a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Soyeon Kim , Seongwoo Lim , Kyowoon Lee , Jaesik Choi

As deep learning (DL) efficacy grows, concerns for poor model explainability grow also. Attribution methods address the issue of explainability by quantifying the importance of an input feature for a model prediction. Among various methods,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-01 Daniel Lundstrom , Tianjian Huang , Meisam Razaviyayn

Gaussian Process (GP) models are a powerful tool in probabilistic machine learning with a solid theoretical foundation. Thanks to current advances, modeling complex data with GPs is becoming increasingly feasible, which makes them an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Sarem Seitz

Integrated Gradients (IG) is a widely adopted feature attribution method that satisfies desirable axiomatic properties. However, the choice of integration path significantly affects the quality of attributions, and the standard…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Soyeon Kim , Seongwoo Lim , Kyowoon Lee , Jaesik Choi

Interpretability methods for deep neural networks mainly focus on the sensitivity of the class score with respect to the original or perturbed input, usually measured using actual or modified gradients. Some methods also use a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-20 Md Mahfuzur Rahman , Noah Lewis , Sergey Plis

Attribution methods are primarily designed to study input component contributions to individual model predictions. However, some research applications require a summary of attribution patterns across the entire dataset to facilitate the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Pierre Lelièvre , Chien-Chung Chen

The optimization algorithms are crucial in training physics-informed neural networks (PINNs), as unsuitable methods may lead to poor solutions. Compared to the common gradient descent (GD) algorithm, implicit gradient descent (IGD)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Xianliang Xu , Ting Du , Wang Kong , Bin Shan , Ye Li , Zhongyi Huang

The explication of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) through xAI techniques often poses challenges in interpretation. The inherent complexity of input features, notably pixels extracted from images, engenders complex correlations.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-16 Caroline Mazini Rodrigues , Nicolas Boutry , Laurent Najman
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