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Users' clicks on Web search results are one of the key signals for evaluating and improving web search quality and have been widely used as part of current state-of-the-art Learning-To-Rank(LTR) models. With a large volume of search logs…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-05-24 Jianghong Zhou , Sayyed M. Zahiri , Simon Hughes , Khalifeh Al Jadda , Surya Kallumadi , Eugene Agichtein

Information retrieval systems, such as online marketplaces, news feeds, and search engines, are ubiquitous in today's digital society. They facilitate information discovery by ranking retrieved items on predicted relevance, i.e. likelihood…

Econometrics · Economics 2022-05-16 Rina Friedberg , Karthik Rajkumar , Jialiang Mao , Qian Yao , YinYin Yu , Min Liu

Learning to rank (LTR) plays a crucial role in various Information Retrieval (IR) tasks. Although supervised LTR methods based on fine-grained relevance labels (e.g., document-level annotations) have achieved significant success, their…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Yiteng Tu , Zhichao Xu , Tao Yang , Weihang Su , Yujia Zhou , Yiqun Liu , Fen Lin , Qin Liu , Qingyao Ai

Learning heterogeneous treatment effects (HTEs) is an important problem across many fields. Most existing methods consider the setting with a single treatment arm and a single outcome metric. However, in many real world domains, experiments…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-13 Leon Yao , Caroline Lo , Israel Nir , Sarah Tan , Ariel Evnine , Adam Lerer , Alex Peysakhovich

Counterfactual learning to rank (CLTR) can be risky and, in various circumstances, can produce sub-optimal models that hurt performance when deployed. Safe CLTR was introduced to mitigate these risks when using inverse propensity scoring to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Shashank Gupta , Harrie Oosterhuis , Maarten de Rijke

Learning to rank (LTR) is widely employed in web searches to prioritize pertinent webpages from retrieved content based on input queries. However, traditional LTR models encounter two principal obstacles that lead to suboptimal performance:…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Yuchen Li , Haoyi Xiong , Linghe Kong , Jiang Bian , Shuaiqiang Wang , Guihai Chen , Dawei Yin

How to obtain an unbiased ranking model by learning to rank with biased user feedback is an important research question for IR. Existing work on unbiased learning to rank (ULTR) can be broadly categorized into two groups -- the studies on…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-12-03 Qingyao Ai , Tao Yang , Huazheng Wang , Jiaxin Mao

Counterfactual learning to rank (CLTR) can be risky and, in various circumstances, can produce sub-optimal models that hurt performance when deployed. Safe CLTR was introduced to mitigate these risks when using inverse propensity scoring to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Shashank Gupta , Harrie Oosterhuis , Maarten de Rijke

Unbiased CLTR requires click propensities to compensate for the difference between user clicks and true relevance of search results via IPS. Current propensity estimation methods assume that user click behavior follows the PBM and estimate…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-05-26 Ali Vardasbi , Maarten de Rijke , Ilya Markov

Ranking is at the core of many artificial intelligence (AI) applications, including search engines, recommender systems, etc. Modern ranking systems are often constructed with learning-to-rank (LTR) models built from user behavior signals.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Tao Yang , Cuize Han , Chen Luo , Parth Gupta , Jeff M. Phillips , Qingyao Ai

Unbiased learning to rank has been proposed to alleviate the biases in the search ranking, making it possible to train ranking models with user interaction data. In real applications, search engines are designed to display only the most…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Haiyuan Zhao , Jun Xu , Xiao Zhang , Guohao Cai , Zhenhua Dong , Ji-Rong Wen

Increasing users' positive interactions, such as purchases or clicks, is an important objective of recommender systems. Recommenders typically aim to select items that users will interact with. If the recommended items are purchased, an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-24 Masahiro Sato , Sho Takemori , Janmajay Singh , Tomoko Ohkuma

Learning-to-rank (LTR) is a set of supervised machine learning algorithms that aim at generating optimal ranking order over a list of items. A lot of ranking models have been studied during the past decades. And most of them treat each…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-06-09 RuiXing Wang , Kuan Fang , RiKang Zhou , Zhan Shen , LiWen Fan

In modern recommendation systems, unbiased learning-to-rank (LTR) is crucial for prioritizing items from biased implicit user feedback, such as click data. Several techniques, such as Inverse Propensity Weighting (IPW), have been proposed…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Keisho Oh , Naoki Nishimura , Minje Sung , Ken Kobayashi , Kazuhide Nakata

This paper studies human preference learning based on partially revealed choice behavior and formulates the problem as a generalized Bradley-Terry-Luce (BTL) ranking model that accounts for heterogeneous preferences. Specifically, we assume…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-03 Jianqing Fan , Hyukjun Kwon , Xiaonan Zhu

Learning to rank has been intensively studied and widely applied in information retrieval. Typically, a global ranking function is learned from a set of labeled data, which can achieve good performance on average but may be suboptimal for…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-04-25 Qingyao Ai , Keping Bi , Jiafeng Guo , W. Bruce Croft

Unbiased Learning to Rank (ULTR) studies the problem of learning a ranking function based on biased user interactions. In this framework, ULTR algorithms have to rely on a large amount of user data that are collected, stored, and aggregated…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-05-12 Chang Li , Hua Ouyang

Click-through rate (CTR) prediction, which predicts the probability of a user clicking an ad, is a fundamental task in recommender systems. The emergence of heterogeneous information, such as user profile and behavior sequences, depicts…

Unbiased learning-to-rank (ULTR) is a well-established framework for learning from user clicks, which are often biased by the ranker collecting the data. While theoretically justified and extensively tested in simulation, ULTR techniques…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-05-16 Philipp Hager , Romain Deffayet , Jean-Michel Renders , Onno Zoeter , Maarten de Rijke

Pairwise debiasing is one of the most effective strategies in reducing position bias in learning-to-rank (LTR) models. However, limiting the scope of this strategy, are the underlying assumptions required by many pairwise debiasing…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Alexey Kurennoy , John Coleman , Ian Harris , Alice Lynch , Oisin Mac Fhearai , Daphne Tsatsoulis