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The performance of shallow-depth quantum optimization algorithms is known to depend strongly on problem structure, yet the role of real-world network topology remains poorly understood. In this work, we study how urban graph structure…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-20 Shumaila Ashfaq , Abdul Sami Rao , Roha Ghazanfar Khan

Protein folding -- the problem of predicting the spatial structure of a protein given its sequence of amino-acids -- has attracted considerable research effort in biochemistry in recent decades. In this work, we explore the potential of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-06 Sami Boulebnane , Xavier Lucas , Agnes Meyder , Stanislaw Adaszewski , Ashley Montanaro

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is a near-term hybrid algorithm intended to solve combinatorial optimization problems, such as MaxCut. QAOA can be made to mimic an adiabatic schedule, and in the $p\to\infty$ limit the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-02 Jonathan Wurtz , Peter J. Love

We study MaxCut on 3-regular graphs of minimum girth $g$ for various $g$'s. We obtain new lower bounds on the maximum cut achievable in such graphs by analyzing the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA). For $g \geq 16$, at…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-27 Edward Farhi , Sam Gutmann , Daniel Ranard , Benjamin Villalonga

Quantum devices use qubits to represent information, which allows them to exploit important properties from quantum physics, specifically superposition and entanglement. As a result, quantum computers have the potential to outperform the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-14 Abhijeet Ghoshal , Yan Li , Syam Menon , Sumit Sarkar

The Quantum Approximate Optimisation Algorithm (QAOA) is a widely studied quantum-classical iterative heuristic for combinatorial optimisation. While QAOA targets problems in complexity class NP, the classical optimisation procedure…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-12 Tom Krüger , Wolfgang Mauerer

Quantum annealing (QA) holds promise for optimization problems in quantum computing, especially for combinatorial optimization. This analog framework attracts attention for its potential to address complex problems. Its gate-based…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-11 Arthur Braida , Simon Martiel , Ioan Todinca

In the rapidly advancing domain of quantum optimization, the confluence of quantum algorithms such as Quantum Annealing (QA) and the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) with robust optimization methodologies presents a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-14 Pascal Halffmann , Steve Lenk , Michael Trebing

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) requires considered optimization problems to be translated into a compatible format. A popular transformation step in this pipeline involves the quadratization of higher-order binary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-26 Damian Rovara , Lukas Burgholzer , Robert Wille

This article consists of a short introduction to the quantum approximation optimisation algorithm (QAOA). The mathematical structure of the QAOA, as well as its basic properties, are described. The implementation of the QAOA on MaxCut…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-25 Behzad Mansouri

The present tutorial aims to provide a comprehensible and easily accessible introduction into the theory and implementation of the famous Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA). We lay our focus on practical aspects and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-24 Andreas Sturm

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) uses a quantum computer to implement a variational method with $2p$ layers of alternating unitary operators, optimized by a classical computer to minimize a cost function. While rigorous…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-19 Raimel A. Medina , Maksym Serbyn

Combinatorial optimization is an important application targeted by quantum computing. However, near-term hardware constraints make quantum algorithms unlikely to be competitive when compared to high-performing classical heuristics on large…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-14 Charles Moussa , Hao Wang , Henri Calandra , Thomas Bäck , Vedran Dunjko

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) adopts a hybrid quantum-classical approach to find approximate solutions to variational optimization problems. In fact, it relies on a classical subroutine to optimize the parameters of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-31 Simone Tibaldi , Davide Vodola , Edoardo Tignone , Elisa Ercolessi

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a promising algorithm for solving combinatorial optimization problems (COPs), with performance governed by variational parameters $\{\gamma_i, \beta_i\}_{i=0}^{p-1}$. While most prior…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-07 J. A. Montanez-Barrera , Kristel Michielsen

Quantum Approximation Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a highly advocated variational algorithm for solving the combinatorial optimization problem. One critical feature in the quantum circuit of QAOA algorithm is that it consists of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-21 Yuwei Jin , Jason Luo , Lucent Fong , Yanhao Chen , Ari B. Hayes , Chi Zhang , Fei Hua , Eddy Z. Zhang

Test case optimization (TCO) reduces software testing cost while preserving its effectiveness, but solving TCO problems for large-scale and complex systems requires substantial computational resources. Quantum approximate optimization…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Xinyi Wang , Shaukat Ali , Tao Yue , Paolo Arcaini

This paper introduces a noise-aware distributed Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) tailored for execution on near-term quantum hardware. Leveraging a distributed framework, we address the limitations of current Noisy…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-12 Kuan-Cheng Chen , Xiatian Xu , Felix Burt , Chen-Yu Liu , Shang Yu , Kin K Leung

Variational quantum algorithms have become the de facto model for current quantum computations. A prominent example of such algorithms -- the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) -- was originally designed for combinatorial…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-16 Ernesto Campos , Daniil Rabinovich , Alexey Uvarov

The design and performance of computer vision algorithms are greatly influenced by the hardware on which they are implemented. CPUs, multi-core CPUs, FPGAs and GPUs have inspired new algorithms and enabled existing ideas to be realized.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-04-02 Lisa Tse , Peter Mountney , Paul Klein , Simone Severini