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Suppose an oracle knows a string $S$ that is unknown to us and that we want to determine. The oracle can answer queries of the form "Is $s$ a substring of $S$?". In 1995, Skiena and Sundaram showed that, in the worst case, any algorithm…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-10-20 Gabriele Fici , Nicola Prezza , Rossano Venturini

The worst-case additive sensitivity of a string repetitiveness measure $c$ is defined to be the largest difference between $c(w)$ and $c(w')$, where $w$ is a string of length $n$ and $w'$ is a string that can be obtained by performing a…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Yuto Fujie , Hiroki Shibata , Yuto Nakashima , Shunsuke Inenaga

There is no single universally accepted definition of "Complexity". There are several perspectives on complexity and what constitutes complex behaviour or complex systems, as opposed to regular, predictable behaviour and simple systems. In…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2018-01-17 Nithin Nagaraj , Karthi Balasubramanian

A compressed self-index stores a string in compressed form while supporting locate queries without decompression. For highly repetitive strings (arising in web crawls, versioned documents, and genomic collections), static self-indexes can…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Takaaki Nishimoto , Yasuo Tabei

Two recent lower bounds on the compressibility of repetitive sequences, $\delta \le \gamma$, have received much attention. It has been shown that a length-$n$ string $S$ over an alphabet of size $\sigma$ can be represented within the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Tomasz Kociumaka , Gonzalo Navarro , Francisco Olivares

Repetitiveness measures reveal profound characteristics of datasets, and give rise to compressed data structures and algorithms working in compressed space. Alas, the computation of some of these measures is NP-hard, and straight-forward…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-07-13 Hideo Bannai , Keisuke Goto , Masakazu Ishihata , Shunsuke Kanda , Dominik Köppl , Takaaki Nishimoto

We study the problem of supporting queries on a string $S$ of length $n$ within a space bounded by the size $\gamma$ of a string attractor for $S$. Recent works showed that random access on $S$ can be supported in optimal…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-12-24 Nicola Prezza

Sublinear time quantum algorithms have been established for many fundamental problems on strings. This work demonstrates that new, faster quantum algorithms can be designed when the string is highly compressible. We focus on two popular and…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-02-15 Daniel Gibney , Sharma V. Thankachan

Shannon's entropy is a clear lower bound for statistical compression. The situation is not so well understood for dictionary-based compression. A plausible lower bound is $b$, the least number of phrases of a general bidirectional parse of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Gonzalo Navarro , Carlos Ochoa , Nicola Prezza

In the last decades, the necessity to process massive amounts of textual data fueled the development of compressed text indexes: data structures efficiently answering queries on a given text while occupying space proportional to the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Dominik Kempa , Tomasz Kociumaka

Maximal repetition of a string is the maximal length of a repeated substring. This paper investigates maximal repetition of strings drawn from stochastic processes. Strengthening previous results, two new bounds for the almost sure growth…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-03-11 Łukasz Dębowski

Grammar compression is a general compression framework in which a string $T$ of length $N$ is represented as a context-free grammar of size $n$ whose language contains only $T$. In this paper, we focus on studying the limitations of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Rajat De , Dominik Kempa

We study the impact that string reversal can have on several repetitiveness measures. First, we exhibit an infinite family of strings where the number, $r$, of runs in the run-length encoding of the Burrows--Wheeler transform (BWT) can…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Hideo Bannai , Yuto Fujie , Peaker Guo , Shunsuke Inenaga , Yuto Nakashima , Simon J. Puglisi , Cristian Urbina

Computation on compressed strings is one of the key approaches to processing massive data sets. We consider local subsequence recognition problems on strings compressed by straight-line programs (SLP), which is closely related to…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2011-11-10 Alexander Tiskin

An L-system (for lossless compression) is a CPD0L-system extended with two parameters $d$ and $n$, which determines unambiguously a string $w = \tau(\varphi^d(s))[1:n]$, where $\varphi$ is the morphism of the system, $s$ is its axiom, and…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-06-06 Gonzalo Navarro , Cristian Urbina

Real-world data often comes in compressed form. Analyzing compressed data directly (without decompressing it) can save space and time by orders of magnitude. In this work, we focus on fundamental sequence comparison problems and try to…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Arun Ganesh , Tomasz Kociumaka , Andrea Lincoln , Barna Saha

A Random Access query to a string $T\in [0..\sigma)^n$ asks for the character $T[i]$ at a given position $i\in [0..n)$. In $O(n\log\sigma)$ bits of space, this fundamental task admits constant-time queries. While this is optimal in the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Anouk Duyster , Tomasz Kociumaka

Motivated by the imminent growth of massive, highly redundant genomic databases, we study the problem of compressing a string database while simultaneously supporting fast random access, substring extraction and pattern matching to the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2012-11-01 Travis Gagie , Paweł Gawrychowski , Christopher Hoobin , Simon J. Puglisi

We explore an extension to straight-line programs (SLPs) that outperforms, for some text families, the measure $\delta$ based on substring complexity, a lower bound for most measures and compressors exploiting repetitiveness (which are…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-02-16 Gonzalo Navarro , Cristian Urbina

The Lempel-Ziv 77 (LZ77) factorization is a fundamental compression scheme widely used in text processing and data compression. In this work, we investigate the time complexity of maintaining the LZ77 factorization of a dynamic string. By…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Itai Boneh , Shay Golan , Matan Kraus